强噪声背景下动车组轴承微弱故障信号检测

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20201086

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

动车在高速行驶中，齿轮箱轴承易发生裂纹、点蚀等故障.为了在故障发生的初期检测出微弱的故障频率成分，本文提出了一种基于小波降噪预处理的周期势振动共振的轴承故障诊断方法.利用小波包提取轴承的固有共振频带，重构提取出的信号，滤除其中的强噪声干扰，随后将信号输入周期势振动共振系统，增强了故障特征.同时，本文建立了考虑振动共振系统中高频激励信号幅值的优化模型，并采用蚁群算法实现了其参数的自适应优化，得到输出信号后将其转化到频域分析，从而检测出轴承早期故障.实例分析表明，所提方法的数据处理结果相比单独采用随机共振的结果更精确，误差缩减至0.3%.

关键词: 齿轮箱轴承, 微弱故障信号, 小波降噪, 周期势振动共振, 蚁群算法

Abstract:

In the high-speed motion of the motor car, the bearing of the gearbox is prone to cracks, pitting and other failures. In order to detect the weak fault frequency component in the early stage of fault occurrence, a bearing fault diagnosis method based on wavelet de-noising preprocessing and periodic potential vibration resonance feature-enhancing is proposed. Wavelet packet is used to extract the natural resonance frequency band of the bearing, reconstruct the extracted signal, filter out the interference of the strong noise, and then input the signal into the periodic potential vibration resonance system for enhancing the fault characteristics. Meanwhile, an optimization model considering the amplitude of the high-frequency excitation signal in the vibration excitation system is established, and the ant colony algorithm is used to adaptively optimize the parameters. After obtaining the output signal, it is converted into frequency domain analysis to detect early failure of the bearing. The example analysis shows that the error of the proposed method is reduced to 0.3% compared with the result of stochastic resonance.

Key words: gearbox bearings, weak fault signal, wavelet de-noising, periodic potential vibration resonance, ant colony algorithm

中图分类号:

TN911.7

孙鑫威, 纪爱敏, 陈曦晖, 林新海, 许行. 强噪声背景下动车组轴承微弱故障信号检测[J]. 电子学报, 2021, 49(11): 2217-2224.

Xin-wei SUN, Ai-min JI, Xi-hui CHEN, Xin-hai LIN, Xing XU. Detection of Weak Fault Signals for EMU Bearings Under Strong Noise[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2021, 49(11): 2217-2224.

图/表 19

图1 小波包预处理流程图

图2 不同参数下势函数曲线

图3 参数默认下的共振输出

图4 蚁群算法优化后共振输出

图5 小波包预处理的振动共振流程框图

图6 输入仿真信号(无噪声）

图7 系统输出信号(无噪声）

图8 输入仿真信号（含噪声，D=0.4）

图9 系统输出信号（含噪声，D=0.4）

图10 滚动轴承试验台

图11 内圈点蚀测试轴承

表1 NU1007轴承参数

外滚道直径	内滚道直径	滚子长度
55mm	42mm	10mm
滚子直径	滚子个数	径向间隙
6.5mm	16	1μm

图12 采集到的信号(含噪声，D=1)

图13 直接输入振动共振系统的输出

图14 小波包预处理结果

图15 振动共振系统输出

图16 普通随机共振系统输出

图17 振动共振系统输出(激励信号幅值默认为1)

表2 随机共振与振动共振方法比较

	随机共振	经典振动共振	振动共振（本文提出的方法）
收敛用时/s	不收敛	270	190
最优输出信号信噪比/dB	-6.18	-9.65	-6.21
谱峰对应频率/Hz	178.2	175.2	180.8
与理论值误差	1.7%	3.4%	0.3%

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