Analysis and Design of Wideband High-Efficiency Transparent Vehicular Glass Antenna with Surface Wave Self-Cancelling

ZHANG Baihao; CHEN Zhixing; ZHOU Wenjun; ZHANG Shao; DENG Guying; OU Junhui; SU Huafeng; ZHANG Xiuyin

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20260364

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Analysis and Design of Wideband High-Efficiency Transparent Vehicular Glass Antenna with Surface Wave Self-Cancelling

PAPERS | 更新时间：2026-10-16

- Analysis and Design of Wideband High-Efficiency Transparent Vehicular Glass Antenna with Surface Wave Self-Cancelling
- ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA Vol. 54, Issue 6, Pages: 2692-2705(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.华南理工大学电子与信息学院，广东广州 510640
  2.福耀玻璃工业集团股份有限公司，福建福州 350300
  3.广州福耀玻璃有限公司，广东广州 511340
  4.华南理工大学未来技术学院，广东广州 510641
  5.华南理工大学微电子学院，广东广州 511442
  6.人工智能与数字经济广东省实验室（广州），广东广州 510335
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  National Natural Science Foundation of China(62474072);Guangzhou Zengcheng District Science and Technology Project(2024ZCKJ02)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20260364
  CLC： TN82;
- Received：28 April 2026，
  
  Accepted：25 May 2026，
  
  Published：25 June 2026
- 稿件说明：
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张柏豪, 陈志兴, 周文骏, 等. 具有抗表面波特性的宽带高效率透明车载玻璃天线分析与设计[J]. 电子学报, 2026, 54(06): 2692-2705.

ZHANG Baihao, CHEN Zhixing, ZHOU Wenjun, et al. Analysis and Design of Wideband High-Efficiency Transparent Vehicular Glass Antenna with Surface Wave Self-Cancelling[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2026, 54(06): 2692-2705.
张柏豪, 陈志兴, 周文骏, 等. 具有抗表面波特性的宽带高效率透明车载玻璃天线分析与设计[J]. 电子学报, 2026, 54(06): 2692-2705. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20260364

ZHANG Baihao, CHEN Zhixing, ZHOU Wenjun, et al. Analysis and Design of Wideband High-Efficiency Transparent Vehicular Glass Antenna with Surface Wave Self-Cancelling[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2026, 54(06): 2692-2705. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20260364

摘要

面向智能网联汽车的4G/5G通信的新需求，本文提出了一种具有抗表面波功能的宽带高效率透明玻璃天线设计方法。车载玻璃的大尺寸和高介电常数特性容易使天线激励起强烈表面波，大量电磁波无法有效地辐射到自由空间中，导致天线辐射效率下降和方向图畸变，而鲜有研究工作对表面波问题进行深入探究。针对这一难题，本文深入分析呈奇对称分布电流的辐射特性，发现其激励的表面波会在垂直电流的方向上反相抵消，由此推出，

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方向连续且奇对称分布的电流在大尺寸车载玻璃上的表面波电磁场相互抵消，从而抑制表面波传播。基于此，分析阶梯式圆柱玻璃天线的电磁场特性，揭示其

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模式在大尺寸车载玻璃分界面上的电流呈现

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方向连续且奇对称分布的特性，因此具有天然的抗表面波特性，从而在高介电常数的大尺寸车载玻璃中实现高效率的天线辐射。此外，阶梯式圆柱玻璃天线的

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模式辐射特性等效于垂直水平面的单极子天线，具有垂直极化特性和水平全向的辐射能力。在此基础上，采用同轴探针馈电阶梯式玻璃谐振器以仅激励

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模式，并根据玻璃天线的电场分布特性，从下到上逐层调控圆柱体玻璃尺寸，能够同时优化天线的输入阻抗实部与虚部，使得输入阻抗实部向50 Ω靠近，虚部趋近于零。一方面，探针与玻璃天线的匹配性能得到改善，天线的阻抗带宽由此得到提升；另一方面，通过减少被束缚在近场的能量并转换为远场辐射，使得天线的平均辐射效率绝对值也得到增加。采用透明的蓝宝石玻璃谐振器、介质基板和导电薄膜组装车载玻璃天线，完成天线的透光性设计。将透明的阶梯式玻璃天线应用于模拟的车顶天幕玻璃场景中进行仿真和实测，天线工作频段覆盖1.56 GHz~4.16 GHz，相对带宽达到90.9%，带内辐射效率高于80%，平均增益为3.9 dBi。同时，天线实现了垂直极化和水平全向辐射的性能且交叉极化大于15 dB，辐射方向图没有受到表面波的干扰而出现波纹或凹坑，且天线具有良好的透光性能。实验结果证明天线可以布设于车辆的大尺寸天幕玻璃上，具有实际的应用价值。

Abstract

In response to the new demands of 4G/5G communication for intelligent connected vehicles

this paper proposes a design for a wideband high-efficiency transparent glass antenna with surface wave self-cancelling function. The large size and high dielectric constant of the vehicular glass make it easy for the antenna to excite strong surface waves. A large number of electromagnetic waves cannot be effectively radiated into free space

resulting in a decrease in antenna radiation efficiency and distortion of the radiation pattern. However

few research works have conducted in-depth studies on the surface wave issue. To address this challenge

this paper conducts an analysis of the radiation characteristics of current with an odd symmetric distribution. It is discovered that the surface waves excited by this current will cancel each other out in the opposite direction of the current. Therefore

it can be concluded that the surface wave fields of the current that is continuous and odd-symmetric in the

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direction on the large-sized vehicle glass mutually cancel each other out

thereby suppressing the surface waves. Based on this

the electromagnetic field characteristics of the stepped cylindrical glass antenna are analyzed

revealing that the current of the

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mode in the stepped cylindrical glass antenna at the interface of the large-sized vehicular glass presents a continuous and odd-symmetric distribution in the

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direction. Therefore

it has surface wave self-cancelling characteristics

and thus realizes high radiation efficiency in t

he high dielectric constant large-sized vehicular glass. In addition

the radiation characteristics of the

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mode of the stepped cylindrical glass antenna are equivalent to that of a monopole antenna in the vertical horizontal plane

having vertical polarization and horizontal omnidirectional radiation capability. On this basis

a probe-fed stepped glass resonator is adopted to excite only the

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mode. According to the electric field distribution characteristics of the glass antenna

by adjusting the size of the cylindrical glass from bottom to top

the real part and the imaginary part of the antenna’s input impedance can be simultaneously optimized. The real part of the

input impedance approaches 50 ohms

and the imaginary part approaches zero. On the one hand

the matching performance between the probe and the glass antenna has been improved

and as a result

the impedance bandwidth of the antenna has increased. On the other hand

by reducing the energy trapped in the near field and converting it into far-field radiation

the absolute value of the average radiation efficiency increases. Using transparent sapphire glass resonators

dielectric substrates and conductive films

a vehicular glass antenna is assembled to complete the light-transmitting design of the antenna. The transparent stepped glass antenna is applied to the simulated roof glass scenario for simulation and measurement. The antenna’s frequency band covers 1.56 GHz~4.16 GHz

with a relative bandwidth of 90.9%. The in-band radiation efficiency is higher than 80%

and the average gain is 3.9 dBi. Meanwhile

the antenna achieves vertical polarization and horizontal omnidirectional radiation performance

with cross-polarization greater than 15 dB. The radiation pattern

which shows no ripples or pits

is not disturbed by surface waves

and the antenna has good translucent performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the antenna can be installed on the large-sized glass of vehicles and has practical application value.

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