面向QUIC的增量式网站指纹攻击方法

谭静文; 王焕然; 韩帅; 杨武; 秦克伟

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20251031

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面向QUIC的增量式网站指纹攻击方法

密态网络安全前沿技术 | 更新时间：2026-07-30

- 面向QUIC的增量式网站指纹攻击方法
- An Incremental Website Fingerprinting Attacks for QUIC Traffic
- 电子学报 2026年54卷第4期页码：1548-1561
- 作者机构：
  
  1.哈尔滨工程大学计算机科学与技术学院，黑龙江哈尔滨 150001
  2.中移系统集成有限公司，北京 100071
- 作者简介：
  
  谭静文女，1996年3月出生于黑龙江省哈尔滨市。现为哈尔滨工程大学计算机科学与技术学院博士研究生。主要研究方向为流量识别、网站指纹攻击与防御。E-mail: ttt19@hrbeu.edu.cn
  王焕然男，1988年6月出生于黑龙江省哈尔滨市。现为哈尔滨工程大学计算机科学与技术学院讲师。主要研究方向为社交网络、隐私保护和表征学习。E-mail: huanran.wang@hrbeu.edu.cn
  韩帅女，1991年11月出生于黑龙江省哈尔滨市。现为哈尔滨工程大学计算机科学与技术学院讲师。主要研究方向为社交网络挖掘、大数据管理和安全。E-mail: hshuai@hrbeu.edu.cn
  杨武男，1974年10月出生于黑龙江省哈尔滨市。现为哈尔滨工程大学计算机科学与技术学院教授、博士生导师。主要研究方向为无线传感器网络、点对点网络和信息安全。中国电子学会会员编号：E190035076S。E-mail: yangwu@hrbeu.edu.cn
  秦克伟男，1983年6月出生于安徽省亳州市。现为中移系统集成有限公司华东区总经理、高级工程师。主要研究方向为微电子学和深度学习。E-mail: qinkewei@cmict.chinamobile.com
- 基金信息：
  
  国家自然科学基金(U22A2036;U21B2019;62272127;62572144);黑龙江省自然科学基金联合指导项目(LH2024F036);海南省自然科学基金高层次人才专项(622RC672)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20251031
  中图分类号： TP393;
- 收稿：2026-03-31，
  
  录用：2026-04-14，
  
  网络首发：2026-05-25，
  
  纸质出版：2026-04-25
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
谭静文, 王焕然, 韩帅, 等. 面向QUIC的增量式网站指纹攻击方法[J]. 电子学报, 2026, 54(04): 1548-1561.

TAN Jingwen, WANG Huanran, HAN Shuai, et al. An Incremental Website Fingerprinting Attacks for QUIC Traffic[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2026, 54(04): 1548-1561.
谭静文, 王焕然, 韩帅, 等. 面向QUIC的增量式网站指纹攻击方法[J]. 电子学报, 2026, 54(04): 1548-1561. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20251031

TAN Jingwen, WANG Huanran, HAN Shuai, et al. An Incremental Website Fingerprinting Attacks for QUIC Traffic[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2026, 54(04): 1548-1561. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20251031

摘要

快速用户数据报协议网络连接（Quick UDP Internet Connections， QUIC）旨在提供快速、稳定且安全的网络服务，其加密特性为加密恶意网站提供了保护伞。为了监管QUIC流量中加密恶意网站，网站指纹攻击成为研究热点。QUIC协议的渐进式部署特点，使得对新启用QUIC协议的网站实施早期WF攻击至关重要。攻击者必须持续监控网站是否开始支持QUIC协议，并在其启用QUIC协议后及时爬取少量QUIC流量，快速训练新的攻击模型。这种攻击可被称为增量式小样本网站指纹攻击。然而，训练样本的匮乏使得现有深度学习方法难以构建有效的深度特征。同时，现有方法均面向TCP协议提取初始特征，但这些初始特征无法表达QUIC协议特性，导致无法充分表征QUIC流量。这些问题导致现有方法在进行增量式小样本网站指纹攻击时性能下降。为解决此问题，本文分析了QUIC协议的特有特征及其对WF攻击的重要性。引入QUIC特有特征后，能更全面地表征网站的QUIC流量。同时，提出基于图论的增量式小样本网站指纹攻击方法，从全局视角挖掘潜在特征关联性，进一步提升攻击模型的表征能力。为模拟监测列表中新启用QUIC网站的出现情况，以一个月为间隔爬取两组网站流量数据。通过综合实验评估了所提特征与方法在新收集的QUIC网站流量上的有效性。相较于现有的先进方法，本文提出的方法在准确率上提升了1.01%～6.84%。

Abstract

Quick UDP internet connections (QUIC) protocol has been proposed to provide fast

stable and secure web services. Its encryption properties provide a protective shield for malicious websites. To detect malicious websites in QUIC traffic

website fingerprinting (WF) attacks have become a research hotspot. As the QUIC protocol is being gradually implemented

it is essential to conduct an early and rapid WF attack for new QUIC-enabled websites. Attackers must continuously monitor whether websites begin supporting the QUIC protocol

once QUIC is enabled

crawl a small amount of QUIC traffic for rapid training of new attack models. This type of attack may be termed an incremental few-shot website fingerprinting attack. However

the scarcity of training samples renders existing deep learning methods ineffective in constructing effective deep features. Moreover

current methods extract initial features from the transmission control protocol

which fail to capture the characteristics of the QUIC protocol and thus inadequately represent QUIC traffic. These limitations result in existing methods performing poorly when conducting incremental few-shot website fingerprinting attacks under QUIC traffic. To address the issues

we analyze QUIC-specific characteristics and their importance for WF attacks. The addition of QUIC-specific characteristics provides a more comprehensive representation of the QUIC-enabled websites. Meanwhile

a graph-based few-shot incremental website fingerprinting attack method is proposed to mine the potential characteristic relevance from a global perspective. It further improves the representation ability of the attack models. To simulate the emergence of new QUIC-enabled websites in the monitored list

we crawl the traffic of two groups of websites one-month apart. We conduct comprehensive experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed characteristics and method in the collected QUIC-enabled website traffic. Compared to the state-of-the-art method

the accuracy of the proposed method is improved by 1.01%~6.84%.

关键词

Keywords

references

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