基于层间特征图压缩的卷积神经网络加速器

谢良波; 陈林; 周牧; 卜文杰

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20260134

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基于层间特征图压缩的卷积神经网络加速器

面向高效人工智能的新型架构与电子系统 | 更新时间：2026-10-16

- 基于层间特征图压缩的卷积神经网络加速器
- A Convolutional Neural Network Accelerator Based on Inter-Layer Feature Map Compression
- 电子学报 2026年54卷第6期页码：2426-2442
- 作者机构：
  
  1.重庆邮电大学通信与信息工程学院，重庆 400065
  2.重庆邮电大学电子科学与工程学院，重庆 400065
- 作者简介：
  
  谢良波男，1986年1月出生于四川省成都市。现为重庆邮电大学副教授、硕士生导师。主要研究方向为无线感知、混合信号集成电路、FPGA信号处理及神经网络加速器。E-mail: xielb@cqupt.edu.cn
  陈林男，2001年8月出生于四川省宜宾市。现为重庆邮电大学硕士研究生。主要研究方向为FPGA神经网络加速器。E-mail: s230131005@stu.cqupt.edu.cn
  周牧男，1984年2月出生于四川省自贡市。现为重庆邮电大学教授、博士生导师。主要研究方向为量子精密测量、无线定位与感知技术等。中国电子学会会员编号：E190015708S。E-mail: zhoumu@cqupt.edu.cn
  卜文杰男，1999年11月出生于四川省广元市。现为重庆邮电大学硕士研究生。主要研究方向为FPGA神经网络加速器。E-mail: s240132223@stu.cqupt.edu.cn
- 基金信息：
  
  重庆市自然科学基金资助项目(CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0249;CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0126);重庆市教委科学技术研究基金资助项目(KJQN202300615)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20260134
  中图分类号： TP302;TN47
- 收稿：2026-02-14，
  
  录用：2026-03-19，
  
  纸质出版：2026-06-25
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
谢良波, 陈林, 周牧, 等. 基于层间特征图压缩的卷积神经网络加速器[J]. 电子学报, 2026, 54(06): 2426-2442.

XIE Liangbo, CHEN Lin, ZHOU Mu, et al. A Convolutional Neural Network Accelerator Based on Inter-Layer Feature Map Compression[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2026, 54(06): 2426-2442.
谢良波, 陈林, 周牧, 等. 基于层间特征图压缩的卷积神经网络加速器[J]. 电子学报, 2026, 54(06): 2426-2442. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20260134

XIE Liangbo, CHEN Lin, ZHOU Mu, et al. A Convolutional Neural Network Accelerator Based on Inter-Layer Feature Map Compression[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2026, 54(06): 2426-2442. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20260134

摘要

随着深度学习技术的飞速发展，卷积神经网络（Convolutional Neural Network，CNN）在图像识别与处理任务中展现出卓越的性能。然而，随着网络深度的增加，海量的中间数据传输给硬件加速器的片上存储和访存带宽带来了巨大的压力，“访存墙”问题日益凸显，严重制约了系统的整体吞吐量与能效比。针对该问题，现有的层间特征数据压缩方法主要分为两类。一类侧重于硬件实现的轻量化，其面积开销虽小，但受限于算法复杂度，压缩率较低，难以有效缓解高吞吐场景下的片外带宽压力。另一类追求压缩性能，导致过高的硬件面积开销，难以在资源受限的边缘设备上部署。针对上述挑战，本文提出了一种面向CNN层间特征图的统计感知混合压缩方法，核心设计目标是实现高压缩率和低硬件开销，解决压缩性能和资源消耗难以兼顾的问题。该方法通过深入挖掘数据的稀疏性与分布特征，结合“离线分析-在线压缩”的软硬件协同机制，实现了硬件友好的数据编码。离线分析阶段，对CNN层间特征数据进行统计分析，生成所需编码表及基准值。在线压缩阶段，对特征数据进行分类，划分为零值数据与非零值数据，对零值数据，采用结合熵编码的增强型零游程编码；对非零数据，采用动态基准-增量编码。该差异化编码机制在维持高压缩率的同时，将硬件面积开销降低了58.7%~72.9%，解决了传统压缩算法硬件复杂度高的问题。基于AlexNet、VGG16、ResNet34和MobileNetV2四种具有代表性的CNN层间特征图压缩实验，对本文所提方法在不同网络结构和数据格式下的压缩性能进行了系统评估。实验结果表明，相较于同类研究，本文所提数据压缩方法在INT8量化格式下的压缩率最高提升了58.5%，在FP32/FP16格式下最高提升了36.7%。在ALINX AXU5EV目标平台上部署VGG16模型，基于本文数据压缩方法的加速器的推理吞吐量可达242.8 GOPS，相比无压缩基准架构，运算性能与能效比分别提升了41.4%和27.8%。实验结果表明，本文所提方法平衡了CNN层间特征图压缩的压缩率和硬件开销，为资源受限边缘场景下的CNN加速器设计提供了新的解决方案。

Abstract

With the rapid development of deep learning technology

convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in image recognition and processing tasks. However

as the network depth increases

the massive transmission of intermediate data imposes tremendous pressure on the on-chip memory and memory access bandwidth of hardware accelerators. The increasingly prominent “memory wall” problem has severely constrained the overall throughput and energy efficiency of the system. To address this issue

existing inter-layer feature data compression methods are mainly divided into two categories. The first category focuses on lightweight hardware implementation: despite low area overhead

their compression ratio is limited by algorithm complexity

making it difficult to effectively alleviate the off-chip bandwidth pressure in high-throughput scenarios. The second category pursues superior compression performance

but incurs excessive hardware area overhead

which is hard to deploy on resource-constrained edge devices. Aiming at the above challenges

this paper proposes a statistic-aware hybrid compression method for CNN inter-layer feature maps

with the core design goal of achieving high compression ratio and low hardware overhead to resolve the difficulty in balancing compression performance and resource consumption. By deeply exploiting the sparsity and distribution characteristics of the data

this method realizes hardware-friendly data coding combined with a hardware-software co-design mechanism of “offline analysis-online compression”. In the offline analysis stage

statistical analysis is performed on the CNN inter-layer feature data to generate the required coding tables and baseline values. In the online compression stage

the feature data are classified into zero-value data and non-zero-value data. For zero-value data

an enhanced zero run-length encoding combined with entropy coding is adopted; for non-zero data

dynamic baseline-delta encoding is applied. This differentiated coding mechanism reduces the hardware area overhead by 58.7% to 72.9% while maintaining a high compression ratio

which solves the problem of high hardware complexity in traditional compression algorithms.We conduct a systematic evaluation of the compression performance of the proposed method under different network structures and data formats

based on compression experiments on inter-layer feature maps of four representative CNNs: AlexNet

VGG16

ResNet34

and MobileNetV2. Experimental results show that

compared with similar studies

the proposed data compression method achieves a maximum improvement of 58.5% in compression ratio under the INT8 quantization format

and a maximum improvement of 36.7% under FP32/FP16 formats. When deploying the VGG16 model on the ALINX AXU5EV target platform

the accelerator based on the proposed data compression method reaches an inference throughput of 242.8 GOPS. Compared with the compression-free baseline architecture

the computing performance and energy efficiency are improved by 41.4% and 27.8%

respectively.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method balances the compression ratio and hardware overhead for CNN inter-layer feature map compression

and provides a new solution for the design of CNN accelerators in resource-constrained edge scenarios.

关键词

Keywords

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