
Progress and Challenges of LoRa Low Power Wide Area Networks
TONG Shuai, WANG Ji-liang
ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA ›› 2024, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (10) : 3623-3642.
Progress and Challenges of LoRa Low Power Wide Area Networks
The rapid development of the internet of things (IoT) has spawned a large number of new applications. IoT empowers ordinary devices with computing and networking capabilities by connecting sensors, wearable devices, smart meters, and other low-data-rate, low-power end devices. Traditional wireless technologies struggle to adapt to the large-scale, low-power, long-distance connectivity requirements of IoT. How to reduce the barrier to device access and achieve low-power, long-distance device connectivity is an important challenge facing current IoT systems. LoRa, as a representative low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology, effectively solves the problem of long-distance connectivity for low-power devices and has become the core supporting technology of the IoT. However, LoRa still faces three important challenges in practice: (1) high-concurrency transmission in large-scale connection scenarios leads to signal conflicts, making it difficult for devices to access concurrently; (2) signal attenuation in long-distance wireless links makes it difficult to reliably transmit weak signals; (3) the problem of interference from heterogeneous protocols in IoT shared channels is prominent, and heterogeneous coexistence is difficult. This article outlines the current research progress of LoRa, focusing on the three research challenges and corresponding technological progress. Existing research has proposed conflict avoidance and concurrent decoding methods to address the problem of high-concurrency conflicts; existing research explores weak signal enhancement transmission and receiver decoding optimization to address the problem of weak signals; existing research has designed various cross-protocol communication mechanisms to address the problem of heterogeneous protocol competition. This article reviews the latest research progress of LoRa, analyzes the innovation points and limitations of existing research, and points out the direction of future research.
internet of things / low-power wide-area network / collision decoding / weak signal / cross technology communication / network system / network protocol {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 常见低功耗广域网技术性能对比 |
指标 | LoRa | Sigfox | NB-IoT |
---|---|---|---|
部署方式 | 私有部署 | 运营商部署 | 运营商部署 |
工作频段 | 免授权频段 | 免授权频段 | 电信授权频段 |
调试方式 | CSS、FSK | DBPSK、GFSK | OFDMA、SC-FDMA |
数据率 | 0.3~37.5 kbps | 100 bps(上行)/600 bps(下行) | 最高250 kbps |
通信距离 | 城市5 km,郊区15 km | 城市10 km,郊区30 km | 城市3 km,郊区10 km |
数据加密 | AES 128 bit | — | LTE Encryption |
表2 常见物联网协议工作频段及调制技术对比 |
协议 | 工作频段 | 调制技术 |
---|---|---|
LoRa | 433/868/915 MHz、2.4 GHz | CSS、FSK |
WiFi | 2.4/5 GHz | OFDM、QAM |
ZigBee | 868/915 MHz、2.4 GHz | DSSS、O-QPSK |
蓝牙 | 2.4 GHz | FHSS、GFSK |
RFID | 433/915 MHz、2.4/5.8 GHz | AM、FM、PSK |
Sigfox | 868 MHz | UNB、BPSK |
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