By definition

for targets located in a spherically stratified （horizontally homogeneous） lower atmosphere or ionosphere

this paper derives the residual error medels[Formulae （14） and （20）; （24） and （27）; （57） and （59）

（63） and （65）] of elevation angle refraction errors

range refraction errors and range rate refraction errors corresponding to monopulse radar and trilateration radar. In comparison with existing models

the derived models possess higher accuracy

are applicable to high and low elevation angles and targets located in lower atmosphere and ionosphere

have no restriction of range

do not involve the problem of apparent elevation angle rate and are convenient in practice.