Energy Efficiency Research on Cell-Free Massive MIMO-WPT Systems with Mixed-Resolution DACs

ZHANG Yao; ZHAO Hai-tao; XIA Wen-chao; YANG Long-xiang; ZHU Hong-bo

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20220392

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Energy Efficiency Research on Cell-Free Massive MIMO-WPT Systems with Mixed-Resolution DACs

PAPERS | 更新时间：2025-12-08

- Energy Efficiency Research on Cell-Free Massive MIMO-WPT Systems with Mixed-Resolution DACs
- ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA Vol. 51, Issue 10, Pages: 2765-2774(2023)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.浙江师范大学物理与电子信息工程学院，浙江金华 321004
  2.南京邮电大学通信与信息工程学院，江苏南京 210003
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFB1806608);National Natural Science Foundation of China(62071246;62201285;92067201);Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Distinguished Young Scholars(BK20220054);Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(21JB510034);Key Program of the Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A2025)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20220392
  CLC： TN915;
- Received：12 April 2022，
  
  Revised：2023-01-03，
  
  Published：25 October 2023
- 稿件说明：
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张尧,赵海涛,夏文超等.基于混合精度DAC的下行去蜂窝大规模MIMO-WPT系统能量效率研究[J].电子学报,2023,51(10):2765-2774.

ZHANG Yao,ZHAO Hai-tao,XIA Wen-chao,et al.Energy Efficiency Research on Cell-Free Massive MIMO-WPT Systems with Mixed-Resolution DACs[J].ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA,2023,51(10):2765-2774.
张尧,赵海涛,夏文超等.基于混合精度DAC的下行去蜂窝大规模MIMO-WPT系统能量效率研究[J].电子学报,2023,51(10):2765-2774. DOI： 10.12263/DZXB.20220392.

ZHANG Yao,ZHAO Hai-tao,XIA Wen-chao,et al.Energy Efficiency Research on Cell-Free Massive MIMO-WPT Systems with Mixed-Resolution DACs[J].ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA,2023,51(10):2765-2774. DOI： 10.12263/DZXB.20220392.

摘要

本文研究了采用混合精度数模转换器（Digital-to-Analog Converter，DAC）架构的下行去蜂窝大规模多输入多输出无线携能（Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Wireless Power Transfer，MIMO-WPT）系统.该系统中的用户（User Equipment，UE）收集接入点（Access Point，AP）发射的无线射频信号能量，基于加性量化噪声模型对量化后的能量信号建模，并引入混合DAC功耗模型，推导出UE收集到的能量（Harvested Energy，HE）和系统能量效率（Energy Efficiency，EE）闭式表达式.分析关键参数，如DAC精度、高精度DAC占比、AP/UE数目和AP发射功率等对下行WPT性能的影响.设计基于加速投影梯度（Accelerated Projected Gradient，APG）的EE最大化功率控制算法.该算法是一阶优化方法，且能求解出最优功率控制系数的闭式解，因此时间复杂度低，运行耗时短.仿真结果表明，与全低精度DAC结构相比，混合精度DAC结构可以同时改善HE和EE；对于不同高精度DAC占比的混合精度DAC结构，当除高精度DAC外的其余DAC的分辨率设置为5 bit时，在保证实现高HE的同时也可获得最优的EE；在中、低信噪比场景下，可以通过增大AP发射功率来改善系统EE；在UE数目较多的去蜂窝大规模MIMO-WPT系统中，所提的基于APG的功率优化算法不仅使等功率分配方案下的EE提升了约19.5%，而且同基于内点法的功率优化算法相比，运行耗时也大幅降低.

Abstract

A downlink cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output wireless power transfer (MIMO-WPT) system using the mixed-resolution digital-to-analog converter (DAC) architecture is studied

where the user equipments (UEs) harvest the ratio-frequency energy from downlink signal sent by the access points (APs). Using the additive quantization noise model to construct the energy signal after quantization and introducing a power consumption model to characterize the power consumed by mixed-resolution DACs

closed-form expressions of both harvested energy (HE) and energy efficiency (EE) are derived. These expressions facilitate analyzing the impacts of key parameters

such as the resolution of DACs

the proportion of high-resolution DACs

the number of APs/UEs

and the transmit power of APs on downlink WPT performance. Aside from this

an EE maximization power control algorithm based on the accelerated projected gradient (APG) technique is proposed. Specifically

the APG-based power control algorithm is a first-order optimization method and can determine the optimal solution in closed form

thus benefiting from low computational complexity and short runtime. Experimental results show that compared with the full low-resolution DAC structure

the mixed-resolution DAC architecture can significantly improve both HE and EE. Besides

for mixed-resolution DAC architectures with different proportions of high-resolution DACs

an optimal EE can be approached along with a better SE when the resolution of DACs (except high-resolution DACs) is set to 5 bits. Moreover

in communication scenarios with medium and low signal-to-noise ratios

it is reasonable to increase the AP transmit power to boost the system EE. At last

in cell-free massive MIMO-WPT systems with a large number of UEs

the proposed APG-based power control algorithm not only enhances the EE related to the equal power control scheme by about 19.5% but also significantly reduces the runtime compared to the interior-point-based power control algorithm.

关键词

Keywords

references

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