Electromagnetic-Structural-Thermal Coupling Theory for Array Antenna: Present and Future

XU Peng-ying; LIN Ka-bin; HAN Bao-qing; WANG Zhi-hai; YU Kun-peng; YIN Kui-ying; LENG Guo-jun; WANG Yan; LI Zhi; MA Xiao-fei; WANG Cong-si

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20220414

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Electromagnetic-Structural-Thermal Coupling Theory for Array Antenna: Present and Future

60th Anniversary Special Issue | 更新时间：2025-12-11

- Electromagnetic-Structural-Thermal Coupling Theory for Array Antenna: Present and Future
- ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA Vol. 50, Issue 12, Pages: 2817-2853(2022)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.西安电子科技大学电子装备结构设计教育部重点实验室，陕西西安 710071
  2.中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所，安徽合肥 230088
  3.中国电子科技集团公司第十四研究所，江苏南京 210039
  4.中国电子科技集团公司第二十九研究所，四川成都 610036
  5.西安建筑科技大学信息与控制工程学院，陕西西安 710055
  6.西安电子工程研究所，陕西西安 710100
  7.西安空间无线电技术研究所，陕西西安 710000
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20220414
  CLC： TN821+.8;
- Received：18 April 2022，
  
  Revised：2022-06-29，
  
  Published：25 December 2022
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
徐鹏颖,蔺卡宾,韩宝庆等.阵列天线电磁-结构-热耦合理论：现在与未来[J].电子学报,2022,50(12):2817-2853.

XU Peng-ying,LIN Ka-bin,HAN Bao-qing,et al.Electromagnetic-Structural-Thermal Coupling Theory for Array Antenna: Present and Future[J].ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA,2022,50(12):2817-2853.
徐鹏颖,蔺卡宾,韩宝庆等.阵列天线电磁-结构-热耦合理论：现在与未来[J].电子学报,2022,50(12):2817-2853. DOI： 10.12263/DZXB.20220414.

XU Peng-ying,LIN Ka-bin,HAN Bao-qing,et al.Electromagnetic-Structural-Thermal Coupling Theory for Array Antenna: Present and Future[J].ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA,2022,50(12):2817-2853. DOI： 10.12263/DZXB.20220414.

摘要

有源相控阵雷达作为支撑国家战略安全的核心装备，承担着国家战略反导、超视距探测、反隐身侦查、远程引导打击等重大任务，维护着我国的国土安全，更是我国大国地位的战略支柱.有源相控阵技术诞生于20世纪60年代的战火之中，军事上的迫切需要使其一经问世就引起了世界的轰动，它的出现甚至影响了世界军事的变革.相比于传统的单脉冲、脉冲多普勒等技术，它使雷达迈入了一个新时代，对雷达发展产生了深远和广泛的影响.有源相控阵雷达中每个天线单元都连接有对应的发射/接收组件，通过控制移相器改变天线孔径上的相位分布，实现天线不做机械转动而天线波束在空间进行快速电扫描.因此，相比于传统机械扫描雷达扫描惯性大、数据率有限、信息通道数少、不易满足自适应和多功能需求等缺点，有源相控阵雷达具备微秒时间内灵活且无惯性扫描、功能多、可靠性高、数据率大、雷达反射截面积低、自适应能力强、不易受到干扰等无可比拟的优势.随着现代国防的重大需求，雷达装备向着超视距、精准探测、极度隐身等方向持续发展，有源相控阵天线向着高频段、高增益、高指向精度、低副瓣电平等方向不断迈进，天线的高电磁指标对结构的刚度、轻量化、高效散热等设计参数提出了严苛的要求，天线内部各参数呈现高维度多场耦合关系，更容易受到战场恶劣环境的干扰而恶化天线的电性能，降低雷达的探测威力、制导精度与战场生存能力等.有源相控阵天线被誉为“三军之眼”，是涉及多学科交叉的典型装备，其结构、热、电磁之间存在的相互影响、相互制约的耦合关系定义为有源相控阵天线的机电热耦合问题.主要耦合问题有四点.其一，馈电误差影响天线电磁性能：有源相控阵天线馈电网络误差、辐射单元失效、热敏电子元器件（如发射/接收组件中的移相器）性能温漂、天线单元互耦等都会引起馈电电流的幅相误差，导致天线电磁性能恶化.其二，结构误差影响天线电磁性能：有源相控阵天线制造、装配存在随机误差，服役中振动、冲击、热功耗等导致阵面变形，最终引起辐射单元位置偏移，天线阵面电磁幅相分布发生变化，导致发射波束变化，最终使天线电性能受到严重影响.其三，热影响天线电磁性能：有源相控阵天线阵面上安装有成千上万的发射/接收组件，热功耗巨大，一方面会导致天线阵面的结构热变形，另一方面也会引起器件的性能下降，最终导致天线电磁性能的恶化.其四，结构、热与电磁性能耦合：三者中任一个变化，都会引起其他两个的变化.有源相控阵雷达在不同占空比工作模式下，其天线阵面电磁幅相会做出相应分布，导致热功耗随之变化，从而引起温度分布发生变化，进而影响天线阵面的结构热变形.因此有源相控阵天线的机电热耦合问题已成为制约其稳健发展，进一步提升性能的瓶颈问题.本文梳理了陆基、舰载、机载、弹载、星载不同平台上有源相控阵天线的发展动态，分析了各武器平台上有源相控阵天线的结构特点，归纳了“陆、海、空、天”不同战场环境的服役载荷对有源相控阵天线的影响，然后总结了天线结构误差、天线罩高温烧蚀、T/R组件馈电误差、天线单元失效等多重因素影响下有源相控阵天线机电热耦合机理分析与建模方法，机电热耦合技术在有源相控阵天线制造精度、高效散热以及轻量化综合优化、稀疏阵设计等领域的应用，以及服役环境下有源相控阵天线状态监测、位移场重构、电性能补偿等关键保障技术，最后探讨了机电热耦合技术的未来研究方向以及在不同研究领域的应用前景.

Abstract

Active phased array radar (APAR) services play a key role in national strategic security equipment and directly support essential tasks such as the national strategic missile defense

over-the-horizon detection

anti-stealth detection

and remote guided attack. APAR technology was used during war in the 1960s and became very popular worldwide because of the emergence of urgent military needs. This technology has essentially affected the world military. Compared with traditional single pulse and pulse Doppler radar technology

APAR has helped to advance radar technologies and had a profound and wide influence on the development of radar. Each antenna element in an APAR is connected with corresponding transmission/reception (T/R) modules. By controlling the phase shifter to change the phase distribution on the antenna aperture

the antenna can be electronically scanned without any mechanical rotations while still covering the whole airspace. Therefore

compared with the disadvantages of traditional mechanical scanning radar

such as a large scanning inertia

limited data rates

a small number of information channels

and difficulty meeting the requirements of adaptation and multifunctionality

APAR has unparalleled advantages such as flexible and non-inertial scanning completed within microseconds

multifunctionality

high reliability

large data rates

low radar cross-sections of radar reflection

strong adaptability and less affected by electromagnetic interference. With the significant demand of modern national defense

radar equipment is continuously being developed with over-the-horizon techniques

accurate detections

strong stealth capabilities

etc. APAR research is advancing toward high-frequency bands

high gains

high pointing accuracies and low sidelobe levels. The high electromagnetic performance of antennas is achieved through strict design parameter requirements such as rigidity

quality of being lightweight and high efficiency heat dissipation of structures. Moreover

various parameters of antennas show high-dimensional and multi-field coupling relationships. It is more sensitive to interference from harsh battlefield environments

which deteriorates the electric performance of antennas and reduces the detection power

guidance accuracy and battlefield survival ability of radars. APAR

known as the eye of the three armies

is a piece of typical equipment involving interdisciplinary disciplines. Its structure

thermal and electromagnetic interactions and mutual restriction coupling relationship are defined as the structural-electromagnetic-thermal (SET) coupling problem of APARs. The main coupling problems include the following. (1) Feed errors affect the antenna electromagnetic performance

including the amplitude and phase errors of the feed network of APARs; failure of the radiation element

temperature drifts of the thermal sensitive electronic components (such as phase shifter in T/R module) and mutual coupling of the antenna elements will cause the amplitude and phase errors of the feed current

which will lead to the deterioration of antenna electromagnetic performance. (2) The structure errors affect the antenna electromagnetic performance

and there are random errors in the manufacturing and assembly of APARs. Vibrations

shocks and thermal power consumptions during service cause deformations of the antenna array

which eventually results in position offsets of the radiation element and changes of the electromagnetic amplitude and phase distribution on the antenna array. Moreover

this results in the change of the transmitted beam and finally

seriously affects the antenna electrical performance. (3) Thermal issues affect the antenna electromagnetic performance

and thousands of T/R modules

which consume large amounts of thermal power

are installed on APARs. On the one hand

it will cause thermal deformation of the antenna array structure; on the other hand

it will also cause performance degradation of the device and finally lead to the deterioration of antenna electromagnetic performance. (4) Changes in the coupling ofstructural

thermal performance and electromagnetic performance will cause deterioration. In APARs

the electromagnetic amplitude and phase of the antenna array will distribute correspondingly under different duty cycle operating modes

which results in a change in the thermal power consumption and temperature distribution. Thus

the thermal deformation of the antenna array structure is affected. Therefore

the structural-electromagnetic-thermal coupling problem of APARs has become a bottleneck issue that hinders their steady development and further enhancements of their performance. In this paper

the development of APARs on different ground-based

shipborne

airborne

missile-borne and spaceborne platforms has been sorted

and the structural characteristics of APARs on each weapon platform have been analyzed. The influence of service loads on APARs in different battlefield environments of land

ocean

air and space has been summarized. Then

the mechanism analysis and modeling method of SET coupling of APARs affected by antenna structure errors

high-temperature ablations of the radome

feed errors of T/R modules and failures of antenna elements are discussed. Moreover

the application of SET coupling technologies in the fields of APAR manufacturing accuracy

high-efficiency heat dissipation

lightweight integrated optimization

sparse array design

etc.

as well as the key guarantee technologies in service environments such as APAR condition monitoring

displacement field reconstruction

electrical performance compensation

are summarized. Finally

future research on SET coupling technologies and their application prospects in different research fields are discussed.

关键词

Keywords

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