YOLO-POD: High-Precision PCB Tiny-Defect Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-Dimensional Attention Mechanism

GUO Yan; WANG Zhi-wen; ZHAO Run-xing

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20230772

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YOLO-POD: High-Precision PCB Tiny-Defect Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-Dimensional Attention Mechanism

PAPERS | 更新时间：2025-12-24

- YOLO-POD: High-Precision PCB Tiny-Defect Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-Dimensional Attention Mechanism
- ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA Vol. 52, Issue 7, Pages: 2515-2528(2024)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.广西科技大学自动化学院，广西柳州 545616
  2.广西科技大学电子工程学院，广西柳州 545006
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  National Natural Science Foundation of China(61962007;62266009);Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2018GXNSFDA294001);Guangxi Key Laboratory of Big Data in Finance and Economics(FEDOP2022A06)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20230772
  CLC： TP391.4;TN41
- Received：10 August 2023，
  
  Revised：2023-12-26，
  
  Published：25 July 2024
- 稿件说明：
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郭艳, 王智文, 赵润星. YOLO-POD：基于多维注意力机制的高精度PCB微小缺陷检测算法[J]. 电子学报, 2024, 52(07): 2515-2528.

GUO Yan, WANG Zhi-wen, ZHAO Run-xing. YOLO-POD: High-Precision PCB Tiny-Defect Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-Dimensional Attention Mechanism[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2024, 52(07): 2515-2528.
郭艳, 王智文, 赵润星. YOLO-POD：基于多维注意力机制的高精度PCB微小缺陷检测算法[J]. 电子学报, 2024, 52(07): 2515-2528. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20230772

GUO Yan, WANG Zhi-wen, ZHAO Run-xing. YOLO-POD: High-Precision PCB Tiny-Defect Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-Dimensional Attention Mechanism[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2024, 52(07): 2515-2528. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20230772

摘要

随着电子设备的广泛应用，印刷电路板（Printed Circuit Board，PCB）在电子制造行业中具有重要意义.然而，由于制造过程中的不完美和环境因素的干扰，PCB上可能存在微小的缺陷.因此，开发高效准确的缺陷检测算法对于确保产品质量至关重要.针对PCB微小缺陷检测问题，本文提出了一种基于多维注意力机制的高精度PCB微小缺陷检测算法.为降低网络的模型参数量和计算量，引入部分卷积（Partial Convolution，PConv），将ELAN（Efficient Layer Aggregation Network）模块设计为更加高效的P-ELAN，同时，为增强网络对微小缺陷的特征提取能力，引入多维注意力机制（Multi-Dimensional Attention Mechanism，MDAM）的全维动态卷积（Omni-dimensional Dynamic Convolution，ODConv）并结合部分卷积，设计了POD-CSP（Partial ODconv-Cross Stage Partial）和POD-MP（Partial ODconv-Max Pooling）跨阶段部分网络模块，提出了OD-Neck结构.最后，本文基于（Youo Only Look Once version 7，YOLOv7）提出了对小目标更加高效的YOLO-POD模型，并在训练阶段采用一种新颖的Alpha-SIoU损失函数对网络进行优化.实验结果表明，YOLO-POD的检测精确率和召回率分别达到了98.31%和97.09%，并在多个指标上取得了领先优势，尤其是对于更严格的（mean Average Precision at IoU threshold of 0.75，mAP75）指标，比原始的YOLOv7模型提高28%.验证了YOLO-POD在PCB缺陷检测性能中具有较高的准确性和鲁棒性，满足高精度的检测要求，可为PCB制造行业提供有效的检测解决方案.

Abstract

With the widespread application of electronic devices

printed circuit boards (PCB) hold significant importance in the electronics manufacturing industry. However

due to imperfections in the manufacturing process and interference from environmental factors

tiny defects may in PCB. Therefore

the development of efficient and accurate defect detection algorithms is crucial in ensuring product quality. To address the challenge of detecting tiny defects on PCB

this paper proposes a high-precision PCB tiny defect detection algorithm based on multi-dimensional attention mechanism. To reduce model parameters and computational complexity

partial convolution (PConv) is introduced

and the ELAN module is redesigned as the more efficient P-ELAN. Additionally

to enhance the network’s feature extraction capability for tiny defects

the omni-dimensional dynamic convolution (ODConv) based on the multi-dimensional attention mechanism (MDAM) is introduced. By combining partial convolution

the POD-CSP (Partial ODConv-Cross Stage Partial) and POD-MP (Partial ODConv-Max Pooling) cross-stage partial network modules are designed

along with the OD-Neck structure. Finally

based on YOLOv7

a more efficient YOLO-POD model for small object detection is proposed

and the network is optimized during the training phase using a novel loss function called Alpha-SIoU. Experimental results demonstrate that YOLO-POD achieves a detection precision of 98.31% and recall rate of 97.09%

exhibiting substantial advantages across multiple metrics. Notably

it achieves a 28% improvement over the original YOLOv7 model

as to more stringent mAP75 metric. These results validate the high accuracy and robustness of YOLO-POD in PCB defect detection

fulfilling the requirements for high-precision detection and providing an effective detection solution for the PCB manufacturing industry.

关键词

Keywords

references

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