Perfect Linear Approximation of Ultra-Lightweight Block Ciphers LiCi, LiCi-2 and GRANULE

YAN Zhi-guang; LI Ling-chen; WEI Yong-zhuang

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20240838

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Perfect Linear Approximation of Ultra-Lightweight Block Ciphers LiCi, LiCi-2 and GRANULE

PAPERS | 更新时间：2025-08-18

- Perfect Linear Approximation of Ultra-Lightweight Block Ciphers LiCi, LiCi-2 and GRANULE
- ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA Vol. 53, Issue 5, Pages: 1453-1459(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  桂林电子科技大学广西密码学与信息安全重点实验室，广西桂林 541004
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  National Natural Science Foundation of China(62162016;62402132)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20240838
  CLC： TN918;TP309.7
- Received：12 September 2024，
  
  Revised：2025-04-16，
  
  Published：25 May 2025
- 稿件说明：
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严智广, 李灵琛, 韦永壮. 超轻量级分组密码LiCi、LiCi-2和GRANULE的完美线性逼近[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(05): 1453-1459.

YAN Zhi-guang, LI Ling-chen, WEI Yong-zhuang. Perfect Linear Approximation of Ultra-Lightweight Block Ciphers LiCi, LiCi-2 and GRANULE[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(05): 1453-1459.
严智广, 李灵琛, 韦永壮. 超轻量级分组密码LiCi、LiCi-2和GRANULE的完美线性逼近[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(05): 1453-1459. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20240838

YAN Zhi-guang, LI Ling-chen, WEI Yong-zhuang. Perfect Linear Approximation of Ultra-Lightweight Block Ciphers LiCi, LiCi-2 and GRANULE[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(05): 1453-1459. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20240838

摘要

LiCi、LiCi-2和GRANULE密码算法均为面向资源极端受限物联网环境的超轻量级分组密码算法，其加、解密速度快且易于软硬件实现，目前备受业界广泛关注. 本文通过利用这些算法的线性结构特性，构造了多条绝对相关性为1的迭代（循环）完美线性逼近，并由此设计出全轮的完美线性逼近（线性区分器），进而完全攻破了这些密码算法，即证实了全轮的LiCi、LiCi-2和GRANULE密码算法存在严重的设计缺陷.

Abstract

LiCi

LiCi-2

and GRANULE are all ultra-lightweight block ciphers designed for resource-constrained internet of things environments. Because of their fast encryption (or decryption) speed and favorable implementation in both hardware and software platforms

which have received extensive attention. In this paper

the linear structure characteristics of these ciphers are investigated via multiple perfect linear approximations (circular iterations) with an absolute correlation of 1. Moreover

the perfect linear approximations (linear distinguishers with probability one) for the full rounds of the LiCi

LiCi-2

and GRANULE are achieved

thereby completely breaking these cryptographic algorithms. It directly means that these block ciphers have serious design flaws.

关键词

Keywords

references

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