Research on Scalability of Blockchain Based on Sharding: A Survey

JIANG Ling-yun; YANG Jing-lin; MA Peng-cheng; YE Fei; XU Jia; LIU Ting-ting

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20241117

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Research on Scalability of Blockchain Based on Sharding: A Survey

SURVEYS AND REVIEWS | 更新时间：2025-12-10

- Research on Scalability of Blockchain Based on Sharding: A Survey
- ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA Vol. 53, Issue 7, Pages: 2579-2600(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  南京邮电大学计算机学院、软件学院、网络空间安全学院，江苏南京 210003
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  National Natural Science Foundation of China(62372250;62171217);Natural Science Research Start-Up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(NY223169)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20241117
  CLC： TP391;
- Received：12 December 2024，
  
  Revised：2025-05-06，
  
  Published：25 July 2025
- 稿件说明：
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蒋凌云, 杨京霖, 马鹏程, 等. 基于分片技术的区块链可扩展性研究综述[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(07): 2579-2600.

JIANG Ling-yun, YANG Jing-lin, MA Peng-cheng, et al. Research on Scalability of Blockchain Based on Sharding: A Survey[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(07): 2579-2600.
蒋凌云, 杨京霖, 马鹏程, 等. 基于分片技术的区块链可扩展性研究综述[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(07): 2579-2600. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20241117

JIANG Ling-yun, YANG Jing-lin, MA Peng-cheng, et al. Research on Scalability of Blockchain Based on Sharding: A Survey[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(07): 2579-2600. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20241117

摘要

区块链存在资源消耗大、吞吐量低等问题，严重影响区块链技术的落地应用.分片技术为解决区块链可扩展性问题提供了可行的方案.本文首先结合区块链逻辑结构对不同层级的区块链可扩展性方案进行总结.然后从分片结构层次、系统运行流程、研究问题、功能组件4个不同的角度对分片区块链进行概述.本文将分片区块链的设计分为9个功能组件，在此基础上，从功能组件视角总结了分片区块链的研究现状，详细地介绍了典型的分片方案.最后，从安全、性能以及均衡性角度讨论了分片技术当前所面临的挑战，并对未来研究进行了展望.

Abstract

The blockchain has some scalability issues such as high-resource consumption and low-level throughput

which seriously affects the application of blockchain technology. Sharding technology provides a feasible solution to the scalability issues of blockchain. In this paper

the various scalability solutions based on logic architecture of blockchain are introduced firstly

then

the sharding technology is summarized from four aspects: sharding hierarchy

system operation

key problems

and functional components. The design of sharding blockchain is decomposed into nine functional components

on this basis

the existing works of sharding blockchain are analyzed from the perspective of functional components

and the details of these typical sharding solutions are presented. Finally

the current research challenges faced by sharding technology are discussed from the perspectives of security

performance

and balance. Also

the future research directions of development process and simulation are provided.

关键词

Keywords

references

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