Design of Frequency-Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Sparse Reconstruction

LI Yuan-hang; GU Peng-fei; ZHAO Hui; HE Zi; FAN Zhen-hong; DING Da-zhi

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20250392

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Design of Frequency-Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Sparse Reconstruction

PAPERS | 更新时间：2026-02-05

- Design of Frequency-Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Sparse Reconstruction
- ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA Vol. 53, Issue 10, Pages: 3473-3482(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  南京理工大学微系统集成技术系，江苏南京 210094
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  National Natural Science Foundation of China(62431012;62271256;62025109;32261133623);Primary Research & Development Plan of Jiangsu Province(BE2022070);Fundamental Research Funds for the Nanjing University of Science and Technology(30922010703)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250392
  CLC： TN823;
- Received：19 May 2025，
  
  Accepted：20 October 2025，
  
  Published：25 October 2025
- 稿件说明：
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李远航, 顾鹏飞, 赵辉, 等. 基于稀疏重建的频率扫描漏波天线设计[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(10): 3473-3482.

LI Yuan-hang, GU Peng-fei, ZHAO Hui, et al. Design of Frequency-Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Sparse Reconstruction[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(10): 3473-3482.
李远航, 顾鹏飞, 赵辉, 等. 基于稀疏重建的频率扫描漏波天线设计[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(10): 3473-3482. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250392

LI Yuan-hang, GU Peng-fei, ZHAO Hui, et al. Design of Frequency-Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Sparse Reconstruction[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(10): 3473-3482. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250392

摘要

波导缝隙阵列天线是微波与毫米波系统中的关键辐射器件，其工作原理在于缝隙切割了波导壁上的表面电流，从而产生辐射.通过设计缝隙的偏置、倾角、长度以及在波导上的排列方式（如谐振式或非谐振式阵列），可以控制天线的辐射方向图、极化方式和阻抗特性.常见的阵列形式包括在宽边中心线两侧交替偏置的纵缝（用于形成边射阵）以及与轴向成一定角度的斜缝（可用于实现频率扫描或圆极化）.该类天线具有结构紧凑、功率容量高和损耗低等优点，广泛应用于雷达、通信及电子对抗领域.传统均匀直线排列的波导缝隙阵列在频率扫描范围和副瓣抑制方面存在局限.为突破这些限制，本文设计并加工了一款中心频率为15.35 GHz的“蛇”形脊波导缝隙阵列天线.该结构创新性地引入“蛇”形慢波线，通过增加电磁波传播路径，显著提升等效传播相位常数，使得频率变化时产生更大的波束偏转，从而实现更宽角度的频率扫描.仿真与实测结果表明，该天线实现了-30°至+30°的宽角度频率扫描，覆盖范围广，且在整个扫描过程中保持良好的低副瓣特性.同时，该结构具有紧凑、低剖面的优点，适合空间要求严格的集成化系统.为进一步提升性能，本文采用结合多测量向量与欠定系统局灶解法的M-FOCUSS（一种多测量向量（Multiple Measurement Vectors，MMV）欠定系统局灶解法（FOCal Underdetermined System Solver，FOCUSS））综合算法，对阵列进行稀疏优化.该方法在保证辐射性能的前提下，将缝隙单元数量减少约28%，实现约-18 dB的低副瓣电平，并保持良好频率扫描特性.稀疏化使波导表面开孔面积减少，功率容量提升约40%，对高功率应用具有重要意义.实验测试结果与全波仿真数据吻合良好，验证了“蛇”形脊波导结构在拓展波束扫描范围方面的有效性，以及M-FOCUSS稀疏综合方法的实用价值.该设计为波导缝隙天线实现宽角频率扫描与低副瓣性能提供了新思路，同时展示了稀疏化在提升功率容量和降低制造成本方面的潜力，对新一代高性能扫描天线发展具有积极参考意义.

Abstract

Waveguide slot array antennas are crucial radiating components in microwave and millimeter-wave systems. The operational principle relies on the slots interrupting the surface currents on the waveguide walls

thereby generating radiation. By designing the offset

inclination angle

and length of the slots

as well as their arrangement on the waveguide (e.g.

resonant or non-resonant arrays)

the antenna’s radiation pattern

polarization

and impedance characteristics can be controlled. Common array configurations include longitudinal slots alternately offset on either side of the broad-wall centerline (used to form broadside arrays) and inclined slots at a certain angle to the axis (which can be used for frequency scanning or circular polarization). This type of antenna offers advantages such as a compact structure

high power capacity

and low loss

making it widely applicable in radar

communications

and electronic countermeasures. Traditional uniformly spaced linear waveguide slot arrays have limitations in frequency scanning range and sidelobe suppression. To overcome these constraints

this paper presents the design and fabrication of a serpentine ridge waveguide slot array antenna with a center frequency of 15.35 GHz. This structure innovatively incorporates a serpentine slow-wave line

which increases the propagation path of the electromagnetic wave and significantly enhances the equivalent propagation phase constant. As a result

a larger beam deflection is achieved for a given frequency change

enabling a wider angular frequency scan. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed antenna achieves a wide-angle frequency scan from -30° to +30°

offering broad coverage while maintaining excellent low sidelobe characteristics throughout the scanning process. Furthermore

the structure is compact and low-profile

making it suitable for integrated systems with strict space requirements. To further enhance performance

this paper employs the M-FOCUSS synthesis algorithm: which integrates the multiple measurement vectors (MMV) and the focal underdetermined system solver (FOCUSS): to sparsely optimize the array. This method reduces the number of slot elements by approximately 28% while preserving radiation performance

achieving a sidelobe level of approximately -18 dB and maintaining favorable frequency scanning characteristics. The sparsification reduces the aperture area on the waveguide surface

increasing the power capacity by about 40%

which is significant for high-power applications. Experimental measurements show good agreement with full-wave simulation results

validating the effectiveness of the serpentine ridge waveguide structure in expanding the beam scanning range and the practical value of the M-FOCUSS sparse synthesis method. This design provides a new approach for achieving wide-angle frequency scanning and low sidelobe performance in waveguide slot antennas

while also demonstrating the potential of sparse arrays in enhancing power capacity and reducing manufacturing costs. It offers valuable insights for the development of next-generation high-performance scanning antennas.

关键词

Keywords

references

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