Private Information Retrieval: Current Status and Future Prospects

DU Rui-ying; HUANG Zheng-di; SHI Min; ZHOU Er-jun; HE Kun; CHEN Jing

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20250525

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Private Information Retrieval: Current Status and Future Prospects

SURVEYS AND REVIEWS | 更新时间：2026-04-24

- Private Information Retrieval: Current Status and Future Prospects
- ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA Vol. 53, Issue 12, Pages: 4719-4739(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  空天信息安全与可信计算教育部重点实验室，武汉大学国家网络安全学院，湖北武汉 430072
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3102100);National Natural Science Foundation of China(62076187);Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2024BAB018);Wuhan Knowledge Innovation Project(2023010201010062)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250525
  CLC： TP309;
- Received：19 June 2025，
  
  Accepted：10 December 2025，
  
  Published：25 December 2025
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
杜瑞颖, 黄正帝, 石闽, 等. 隐匿信息检索技术现状与展望[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(12): 4719-4739.

DU Rui-ying, HUANG Zheng-di, SHI Min, et al. Private Information Retrieval: Current Status and Future Prospects[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(12): 4719-4739.
杜瑞颖, 黄正帝, 石闽, 等. 隐匿信息检索技术现状与展望[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(12): 4719-4739. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250525

DU Rui-ying, HUANG Zheng-di, SHI Min, et al. Private Information Retrieval: Current Status and Future Prospects[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(12): 4719-4739. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250525

摘要

在数据驱动决策的时代，大数据分析与云计算的深度融合在释放数据价值的同时，也将数据安全与隐私保护推向了核心挑战的前沿.隐匿信息检索作为关键的多方安全计算技术，允许用户从远程数据库中检索特定信息而完全不泄露查询目标，为不可信环境下的数据查询提供了坚实的隐私保障.该技术已在医疗、金融等诸多领域展现出应用潜力，持续受到学术界与工业界的广泛关注.然而，随着数据规模与用户数量的激增，现有方案面临着效率与实用性之间的显著矛盾.早期基于信息论安全的多服务器方案依赖多不合谋的强安全假设，而基于计算安全的单服务器方案则在通信、计算和存储开销上面临严峻挑战.因此，在确保安全的前提下，如何全面提升检索效率已成为推动该技术落地的核心问题.本文系统性地梳理与总结了隐匿信息检索技术的研究现状.首先，我们明确了隐匿信息检索的形式化定义及其核心属性，并概述了实现该技术的主流密码学原语.其次，本文构建了一个以服务器数量为依据的技术分类框架，将现有方案划分为多服务器与单服务器两大脉络，并深入剖析了基于函数秘密共享、可穿刺伪随机函数、同态加密及不经意传输等不同技术路线的设计原理与性能权衡.进一步地，本文探讨了为适应具体功能要求而衍生的多种实用变体，包括批处理隐匿信息检索、对称隐匿信息检索、关键字隐匿信息检索和可更新隐匿信息检索，分析了它们各自解决的问题与设计特点.在应用层面，本文通过社交发现、匿名通信和广告投递等典型场景，具体阐述了隐匿信息检索如何解决实际的隐私保护痛点.最后，基于全面的综述分析，本文展望了该领域的未来发展趋势，指出研究重点应聚焦于进一步优化理论开销、设计支持多功能的统一灵活框架，以及通过系统级创新解决实际部署难题，从而推动隐匿信息检索技术从理论走向广泛的实际应用.

Abstract

In the era of data-driven decision making

the deep integration of big data analytics and cloud computing has pushed data security and privacy protection to the forefront of core challenges while unleashing the value of data. As a key multi-party secure computing technology

private information retrieval allows users to retrieve specific information from remote databases without revealing the query target at all

providing a solid privacy guarantee for data query in untrustworthy environments. The technology has demonstrated its application potential in many fields

such as healthcare and finance

and continues to receive extensive attention from both academia and industry. However

with the proliferation of data size and number of users

the existing schemes face a significant contradiction between efficiency and practicality. Early multi-server schemes based on information-theoretic security rely on the strong security assumption of multiple non-collusion

while single-server schemes based on computational security face severe challenges in communication

computation

and storage overheads. Therefore

how to comprehensively improve the retrieval efficiency under the premise of ensuring security has become a core issue to drive the technology to the ground. In this paper

we systematically sort out and summarize the current research status of private information retrieval technology. First

we clarify the formal definition of private information retrieval and its core attributes

and outline the mainstream cryptographic primitives that realize the technology. Second

this paper constructs a technology categorization framework based on the number of servers

divides the existing schemes into two main vectors: multi-server and single-server

and deeply analyzes the design principles and performance trade-offs of different technology routes based on function secret sharing

puncturable pseudorandom function

homomorphic encryption and oblivious transfer. Further

this paper explores various practical variants derived to meet specific functional requirements

including batch private information retrieval

symmetric private information retrieval

keyword private information retrieval and updatable private information retrieval

and analyzes their respective problems and design features. At the application level

this paper specifically illustrates how private information retrieval can address practical privacy protection pain points through typical scenarios such as social discovery

anonymous communication and ad delivery. Finally

based on the comprehensive review and analysis

this paper looks forward to the future development trend of this area

pointing out that research should focus on further optimizing the theoretical overhead

designing a unified and flexible framework to support multi-functionality

and solving practical deployment challenges through system-level innovation

so as to promote private information retrieval technology from theory to a wide range of practical applications.

关键词

Keywords

references

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