Spatial-FineDef: An Approach for Detecting Small Defects in Wind Turbine Blades that Integrate Multi-Scale Perception and Adaptive Enhancement

NIAN Jiawei; WANG Ziyi; TANG Lingxi; FANG Fang

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20250999

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Spatial-FineDef: An Approach for Detecting Small Defects in Wind Turbine Blades that Integrate Multi-Scale Perception and Adaptive Enhancement

PAPERS | 更新时间：2026-05-28

- Spatial-FineDef: An Approach for Detecting Small Defects in Wind Turbine Blades that Integrate Multi-Scale Perception and Adaptive Enhancement
- ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA Vol. 54, Issue 2, Pages: 785-798(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.新能源电力系统全国重点实验室（华北电力大学），北京 102206
  2.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院，北京 102206
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  National Key Research and Development Program of China(2025YFF0515900)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250999
  CLC： TP391.41;TK83
- Received：28 January 2026，
  
  Accepted：24 February 2026，
  
  Published：25 February 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
年嘉伟, 王梓懿, 唐灵犀, 等. Spatial-FineDef：融合多尺度感知与自适应增强的风电机组叶片小缺陷检测方法[J]. 电子学报, 2026, 54(02): 785-798.

NIAN Jiawei, WANG Ziyi, TANG Lingxi, et al. Spatial-FineDef: An Approach for Detecting Small Defects in Wind Turbine Blades that Integrate Multi-Scale Perception and Adaptive Enhancement[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2026, 54(02): 785-798.
年嘉伟, 王梓懿, 唐灵犀, 等. Spatial-FineDef：融合多尺度感知与自适应增强的风电机组叶片小缺陷检测方法[J]. 电子学报, 2026, 54(02): 785-798. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250999

NIAN Jiawei, WANG Ziyi, TANG Lingxi, et al. Spatial-FineDef: An Approach for Detecting Small Defects in Wind Turbine Blades that Integrate Multi-Scale Perception and Adaptive Enhancement[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2026, 54(02): 785-798. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250999

摘要

风电机组叶片是实现风能捕获与机械能转换的关键气动结构部件，其表面缺陷（如裂纹、侵蚀和脱胶）会影响叶片的气动性能进而降低机组的发电功率。实际风场巡检场景中，叶片表面缺陷通常存在缺陷微小、对比度低、纹理弱等特点，同时伴随复杂背景、光照变化和噪声侵蚀的干扰，使得目前的端到端检测方法在风电机组叶片小尺度缺陷检测任务中存在明显的性能受限问题。尽管实验室环境中的基准测试已取得超过99%的定位精度，但在实际场景中的复杂背景和小缺陷的影响下，定位与识别任务相耦合，降低了这类方法的检测精度。针对上述问题，本文提出一种融合多尺度感知与自适应增强的混合式两阶段检测方法Spatial-FineDef（Spatial-Fine Defect detection approach），通过解耦缺陷定位与精细判别过程，将缺陷候选区域提取与缺陷类别分类分阶段优化，提升了Spatial-FineDef在面对复杂背景和小缺陷问题时的检测精度。第一阶段，目标空间提取模块（Spatial-Net）通过结合定制化数据增强策略与定位增强方法提升了缺陷候选区域筛选的效率。第二阶段，精细化缺陷判别模块（FineDef-Net）在候选区域使用ConvNext主干结合轻量化多尺度注意力机制，在保持较低计算复杂度的前提下强化了精准区分不同缺陷的能力。相较于端到端式的故障检测方法，通过“先定位、后判别”的两阶段处理策略，Spatial-FineDef在抑制背景干扰的同时，实现了小缺陷区域的稳定筛选与精确类别判别。在现场采集的多缺陷风电机组叶片数据集中，Spatial-FineDef在麻面、涂层脱落、边缘开裂和表面裂纹四类缺陷检测任务中取得96.71%的整体准确率，并在多项指标上优于多种代表性基线模型。同时，消融实验验证了两阶段解耦策略与多尺度线性注意力模块在复杂背景下小缺陷检测的有效性。实验结果表明，本文提出的方法为风电机组叶片现场检测提供了一种可部署的技术方案，提升实时故障检测能力，并促进风电机组的可靠性及智能运维。

Abstract

Wind turbine blades are the core aerodynamic components responsible for wind energy capture and energy conversion in the wind turbine systems. Surface defects such as cracks

erosion

and delamination can deteriorate aerodynamic performance and consequently reduce power generation efficiency. In real-world wind farm inspection scenarios

blade surface detection is typically characterized with small scales and low contrast

and are often accompanied by complex backgrounds

illumination variation

and imaging noise. These challenges significantly limit the performance of existing end-to-end detection methods exhibit in small-scale defect detection tasks for wind turbine blades. Although the benchmark evaluations under laboratory conditions have achieved localization accuracies exceeding 99%

the strong coupling between localization and classification under strong background interference and micro-cracks makes these methods can hardly be further improved. To overcome these challenges

we propose Spatial-FineDef (Spatial-Fine Defect Detection Approach)

a hybrid two-stage detection method incorporating multi-scale perception and adaptive enhancement. Through explicitly decoupling defect localization from fine-grained classification

the proposed method optimizes candidate region extraction and defect recognition in a staged manner. In the first stage

Spatial-Net incorporates task-oriented data augmentation strategy and improved localization methods to enhance the accuracy of spatial filtering for potential defects. In the second stage

FineDef-Net utilizes ConvNext backbone with lightweight multi-scale linear attention mechanism which enhances the discrimination capability while maintaining low computational complexity. Compared with end-to-end detection methods

by adopting a two-stage strategy of localization followed by classification

Spatial-FineDef effectively suppresses background interference while enabling stable region selection and defect classification for small-scale defects. On a field-collected wind turbine blade fault dataset

Spatial-FineDef achieves an overall accuracy of 96.71% in the classification of four small-scale defect types including surface pitting

coating shedding

edge cracking

and surface cracking. Experimental results demonstrate outperforming multiple representative baseline models across several evaluation metrics. Ablation studies further validate the effectiveness of the decoupled two-stage strategy and the multi-scale linear attention mechanism in handling small defects under complex backgrounds. The proposed method provides a deployable and reliable solution for on-site blade inspection

facilitating real-time fault diagnosis and enhancing the reliability and intelligent operation and maintenance of wind turbine systems.

关键词

Keywords

references

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