A Foundation Model for Traffic Classification Based on Mixture-of-Experts

ZHOU Jiajun; SUN Changhui; HE Meijing; YU Shanqing

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20251026

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A Foundation Model for Traffic Classification Based on Mixture-of-Experts

Cutting\-edge Technologies for Encrypted Network Security | 更新时间：2026-06-17

- A Foundation Model for Traffic Classification Based on Mixture-of-Experts
- ACTA ELECTRONICA SINICA Vol. 54, Issue 4, Pages: 1460-1480(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.浙江工业大学网络空间安全研究院，浙江杭州 310023
  2.杭州市滨江区浙工大人工智能创新研究院，浙江杭州 310056
  3.杭州数宇智汇科技发展有限责任公司，浙江杭州 310056
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  National Natural Science Foundation of China(62503423);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2025YFA1510900);Baima Lake Laboratory Joint Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LBMHZ25F020002)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20251026
  CLC： TP393.08;
- Received：13 January 2026，
  
  Accepted：05 February 2026，
  
  Published：25 April 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
周嘉俊, 孙长辉, 何美静, 等. 基于混合专家的流量分类基础模型[J]. 电子学报, 2026, 54(04): 1460-1480.

ZHOU Jiajun, SUN Changhui, HE Meijing, et al. A Foundation Model for Traffic Classification Based on Mixture-of-Experts[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2026, 54(04): 1460-1480.
周嘉俊, 孙长辉, 何美静, 等. 基于混合专家的流量分类基础模型[J]. 电子学报, 2026, 54(04): 1460-1480. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20251026

ZHOU Jiajun, SUN Changhui, HE Meijing, et al. A Foundation Model for Traffic Classification Based on Mixture-of-Experts[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2026, 54(04): 1460-1480. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20251026

摘要

随着网络通信技术的快速演进，攻击者广泛利用流量加密技术来隐匿恶意行为，导致基于端口匹配与深度包检测（Deep Packet Inspection，DPI）的传统流量分析技术的性能显著下降，网络安全防御边界日益模糊。尽管近年来基于深度学习与预训练技术的流量分类方法在提取网络流量深层特征方面取得了显著进展，但现有研究多采用密集型Transformer架构，模型推理时需激活全部参数，导致计算成本与模型规模紧密耦合，引发高昂的推理延迟与显存开销。在面对现代网络环境高吞吐量与实时检测的需求时，这种计算效率瓶颈极易形成防御漏洞，严重制约了大规模深度学习模型在实际网络防御场景中的部署与应用。为有效解决模型容量扩展与推理效率之间的矛盾，本文提出了一种专为异构流量分类设计的稀疏基础模型Traffic-MoE。该模型不仅沿用了“预训练-微调”范式以应对安全领域标注数据稀缺的挑战，更创新性地引入稀疏混合专家（Mixture-of-Experts，MoE）架构，实现对通用协议特征与特定领域行为的解耦建模。具体而言，本文首先设计了Traffic2Token异构流量表征方法，针对原始流量跨协议、跨设备的复杂特性，通过融合数据包关键特征与有效载荷，利用二元语法（bigram）分词技术构建细粒度Token序列，在保留字节级时序依赖关系的同时，有效抑制了底层噪声干扰。在此基础上，本文在Transformer架构中嵌入稀疏MoE模块以取代传统的密集前馈网络（Feed-Forward Network，FFN），利用可学习的门控网络实施动态路由策略，对于每个输入流量Token仅激活前

个最相关的特化专家，并保留共享专家以捕获通用的协议语法，从而在大幅扩展模型总容量的同时显著降低推理开销。依托自主构建的包含200万条会话流的无标签预训练语料库，模型通过自回归的“下一Token预测”任务习得网络协议的状态转换逻辑，随后仅需轻量级的监督微调便能快速适配下游任务。为了全面评估模型性能，本文在四个权威公开数据集上构建了六个典型的下游分类任务，涵盖物联网攻击检测、加密服务识别、匿名流量分析等多类场景。实验结果表明，相较于ET-BERT、NetGPT等现有先进基线方法，Traffic-MoE展现出更卓越的泛化能力与鲁棒性，整体检测性能平均提高了8.44%。更关键的是，得益于稀疏激活机制带来的计算优势，在同等参数规模下，Traffic-MoE相较于传统密集型架构实

现了37.45%的吞吐量提升、27.25%的推理延迟缩减以及27.04%的GPU峰值显存消耗降低，为高效网络流量分析建立了一种新的范式。

Abstract

With the rapid evolution of network communication technologies

adversaries extensively leverage traffic encryption techniques to conceal malicious behaviors. Consequently

the performance of traditional traffic analysis methods based on port matching and deep packet inspection (DPI) has declined significantly

rendering network security defense boundaries increasingly blurred. Although traffic classification methods based on deep learning and pre-training techniques have made significant progress in extracting deep features of network traffic

existing studies predominantly adopt dense Transformer architectures. These models necessitate the activation of all parameters during inference

resulting in a tight coupling between computational cost and model scale

thereby incurring high inference latency and memory overhead. In the face of demands for high throughput and real-time detection in modern network environments

this computational efficiency bottleneck tends to create critical defense vulnerabilities

severely constraining the deployment and application of large-scale deep learning models in practical network defense scenarios. To effectively resolve the contradiction between model capacity expansion and inference efficiency

this paper proposes Traffic-MoE

a sparse foundation model designed specifically for heterogeneous traffic classification. This model not only follows the “pre-training and fine-tuning” paradigm to address the challenge of labeled data scarcity in the security domain but also innovatively introduces a sparse mixture-of-experts (MoE) architecture to achieve decoupled modeling of general protocol features and domain-specific behaviors. Specifically

we first design the Traffic2Token heterogeneous traffic representation method. Addressing the complex cross-protocol and cross-device characteristics of raw traffic

this method integrates critical packet features with payloads and utilizes bigram tokenization to construct fine-grained token sequences

effectively suppressing underlying noise interference while preserving byte-level temporal dependencies. On this basis

we embed sparse MoE modules into the Transformer architecture to replace traditional dense feed-forward networks (FFN). By leveraging a learnable gating network to implement a dynamic routing strategy

the model activates only the top-k most relevant specialized experts for each input traffic token while retaining a shared expert to capture general protocol syntax

thereby significantly reducing inference overhead while substantially expanding total model capacity. Leveraging a self-constructed unlabeled pre-training corpus containing 2 million session flows

the model learns the state transition logic of network protocols through an autoregressive “next-token prediction” task

subsequently requiring only lightweight supervised fine-tuning to rapidly adapt to downstream tasks. To comprehensively evaluate model performance

we construct six typical downstream classification tasks across four authoritative public datasets

covering diverse scenarios such as IoT (Internet of Things) attack detection

encrypted service identification

and anonymous traffic analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to existing state-of-the-art baselines such as ET-BERT and NetGPT

Traffic-MoE exhibits superior generalization ability and robustness

with an average improvement of 8.44% in overall detection performance. Crucially

benefiting from the computational advantages brought by the sparse activation mechanism

Traffic-MoE achieves a 37.45% increase in throughput

a 27.25% reduction in inference latency

and a 27.04% decrease in peak GPU memory consumption compared to traditional dense architectures with equivalent parameter scales

establishing a new paradigm for efficient network traffic analysis.

关键词

Keywords

references

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