In this article

the universal constructions

limitations and conditions for realization of earthed and floatingearthed active simulated universal components are discussed. It is shown by the experiments tha the theory is in conformity with the practice. Finally

the effect on the bandpass characteristics of the filter aroused on account of the limitation suf- fered by the gain band width of the operational amplifier is calculated and compared through designing five kind of third order ellipse low pass filter

and it is further illustrated that a twin secondary optimum structure can be obtained by means of this research.