基于改进等效单基的MEO星机BiSAR成像算法

任航; 张云; 吕争; 李高鹏; 杨雪莹; 任瑗; 化青龙

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20250194

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

基于改进等效单基的MEO星机BiSAR成像算法

学术论文 | 更新时间：2025-12-10

- 基于改进等效单基的MEO星机BiSAR成像算法
- An Improved Monostatic Equivalent Imaging Algorithm for MEO-Airborne Bistatic SAR
- 电子学报 2025年53卷第7期页码：2513-2531
- 作者机构：
  
  1.哈尔滨工业大学电子与信息工程学院，黑龙江哈尔滨 150001
  2.中国空间技术研究院遥感卫星总体部，北京 100094
  3.华北水利水电大学电子工程学院，河南郑州 450046
- 作者简介：
  
  [ "任航男，2000年3月出生于河南省新乡市.现为哈尔滨工业大学博士研究生.主要研究方向为星载照射源下双基地SAR成像算法及其运动补偿.中国电子学会会员编号：E190185699A. E-mail: hangren@stu.hit.edu.cn" ]
  [ "张云女，1975年出生于黑龙江省虎林市.现为哈尔滨工业大学教授、博士生导师.主要研究方向为雷达信号处理、SAR成像、机器学习和遥感模式分析. E-mail: zhangyunhit@hit.edu.cn" ]
  [ "吕争男，1985年10月出生于辽宁省阜新市.现为中国空间技术研究院遥感卫星总体部高级工程师.主要研究方向为微波遥感卫星总体设计和遥感图像应用.E-mail: lvzheng_irss@spacechina.com" ]
  [ "李高鹏男，1976年11月出生于湖北省荆州市.现为哈尔滨工业大学研究员、硕士生导师.主要研究方向为新体制雷达、阵列信号处理、智能信息融合与识别等. E-mail: ligaopeng@hit.edu.cn" ]
  [ "杨雪莹女，2001年7月出生于黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市.现为哈尔滨工业大学硕士研究生.主要研究方向为星载/机载SAR成像与三维重构.E-mail: xueyingyang@stu.hit.edu.cn" ]
  [ "任瑗女，2005年9月出生于河南省新乡市.现为华北水利水电大学电子工程学院本科生.主要研究方向为信号处理和SAR成像.E-mail: 16638192761@163.com" ]
  [ "化青龙男，1995年出生于安徽省阜阳市.现为哈尔滨工业大学副研究员.主要研究方向为雷达图像处理和深度学习网络框架.中国电子学会会员编号：E190031354M.E-mail: huaqinglong@hit.edu.cn" ]
- 基金信息：
  
  国家自然科学基金(62371170;62401183);中国博士后科学基金(2024M754185;GZB20240967)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250194
  中图分类号： TN957.52;
- 收稿：2025-03-16，
  
  修回：2025-06-30，
  
  纸质出版：2025-07-25
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
任航, 张云, 吕争, 等. 基于改进等效单基的MEO星机BiSAR成像算法[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(07): 2513-2531.

REN Hang, ZHANG Yun, LÜ Zheng, et al. An Improved Monostatic Equivalent Imaging Algorithm for MEO-Airborne Bistatic SAR[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(07): 2513-2531.
任航, 张云, 吕争, 等. 基于改进等效单基的MEO星机BiSAR成像算法[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(07): 2513-2531. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250194

REN Hang, ZHANG Yun, LÜ Zheng, et al. An Improved Monostatic Equivalent Imaging Algorithm for MEO-Airborne Bistatic SAR[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(07): 2513-2531. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250194

摘要

中轨（Medium Earth Orbit，MEO）合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar，SAR）具有中等分辨率、宽幅观测、短重访周期等优势，结合机载SAR接收机构成双基系统，可突破传统低轨（Low Earth Orbit，LEO）星机双基地SAR的覆盖限制，具有广阔的应用前景.然而，MEO SAR因轨道曲率显著、回波传播时延较长，其成像几何构型更为复杂，导致传统LEO星机双基地SAR成像算法失效；相比之下，尽管地球同步轨道（Geosynchronous Earth Orbit，GEO）SAR也面临“走停”假设和轨迹曲率引起的偏差，但由于其平台高度高、运行速度缓慢、加速度极小，引起的非线性误差通常可通过二阶多项式近似模型予以补偿.MEO SAR平台运动速度与加速度均大得多，引发的高阶非线性相位误差更为严重，使得GEO斜距模型在MEO场景下难以满足精度要求.针对这些挑战，本文提出了一种基于改进等效单基的频域成像算法.首先结合MEO的轨道特性，创新性地引入轨道弯曲补偿因子，提出改进的非“走停”等效单基斜距模型，突破传统等效单基方法对高机动非线性轨迹的建模局限.在此基础上，本文利用级数反演的方法推导信号精确的频域形式，并考虑了场景的方位空变效应，精确补偿了MEO曲线轨迹及长传播时延引起的相位误差，且具有低计算复杂度.实验表明：相比传统方法，所提算法的点目标峰值旁瓣比、积分旁瓣比和分辨率均接近理论值，在扩展面目标仿真中，图像熵降低约30%，对比度提升约20%，可有效抑制MEO SAR复杂轨迹导致的散焦现象.

Abstract

Medium Earth orbit synthetic aperture radar (MEO SAR) can achieve medium spatial resolution with a wide observable swath and short revisit time. The combination of MEO SAR illuminator and airborne SAR receiver could overcome the coverage limitations of traditional low Earth orbit (LEO) airborne BiSAR systems

demonstrating broad application prospects. However

due to the high orbital altitude

long propagation delay

and significant trajectory curvature of the MEO platform

the imaging geometry becomes more complex

and the conventional LEO-airborne bistatic SAR imaging algorithms become invalid. Although Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) SAR systems also suffer from the phase errors induced by the “stop-go” assumption and trajectory curvature

their high altitude

low speed

and minimal acceleration allow the slant range variation to be approximated by second-order models. In contrast

MEO SAR has much higher velocity and acceleration

which aggravates high-order nonlinear phase errors

making conventional GEO slant range models inadequate for MEO scenarios. To address these challenges

this paper proposes an improved monostatic equivalent imaging algorithm for MEO-airborne bistatic SAR. This method establishes an MEO-airborne bistatic geometric model based on the orbit characteristics of MEO SAR

innovatively introduces an orbital curvature compensation factor

and proposes an improved “non-stop-go” equivalent slant range model. It overcomes the modelling limitations of traditional equivalent monostatic methods for high-maneuverability and curved trajectories. Furthermore

this paper employs series inversion to derive two-dimensional spectra while considering azimuth space-variant effects in the scene

ultimately developing an imaging algorithm suitable for MEO-airborne bistatic SAR. Experimental results demonstrate that compared with traditional methods

the proposed algorithm achieves peak sidelobe ratio

integrated sidelobe ratio

and resolution close to theoretical values for point targets. In extended target imaging of the proposed algorithm

the image entropy is reduced by 30% and contrast improved by 20% than the traditional equivalent monostatic method

effectively suppressing defocusing caused by MEO SAR’s complex orbital characteristics.

关键词

Keywords

references

武俊杰 , 孙稚超 , 吕争 , 等 . 星源照射双/多基地SAR成像 [J ] . 雷达学报 , 2023 , 12 ( 1 ): 13 - 35 .

WU J J , SUN Z C , LÜ Z , et al . Bi/multi-static synthetic aperture radar using spaceborne illuminator [J ] . Journal of Radars , 2023 , 12 ( 1 ): 13 - 35 . (in Chinese)

孙文磊 , 顾荣军 , 王永海 , 等 . 非合作星机双基地SAR的回波检测方法研究 [J ] . 现代防御技术 , 2025 , 53 ( 1 ): 140 - 146 .

SUN W L , GU R J , WANG Y H , et al . Research on echo detection method of non-cooperative hybrid bistatic SAR [J ] . Modern Defence Technology , 2025 , 53 ( 1 ): 140 - 146 . (in Chinese)

左伟华 , 李东涛 , 李财品 , 等 . 基于高分三号卫星的星载无人机双基前视SAR系统设计 [J ] . 空间电子技术 , 2019 , 16 ( 2 ): 26 - 32 .

ZUO W H , LI D T , LI C P , et al . System design for bistatic forward-looking SAR based on Gaofen-3 satellite as transmitter and unmanned aerial vehicle as receiver [J ] . Space Electronic Technology , 2019 , 16 ( 2 ): 26 - 32 . (in Chinese)

崔畅 , 董锡超 , 胡程 , 等 . GEO星机双基SAR时间同步误差对运动目标检测的影响建模与分析 [J ] . 信号处理 , 2022 , 38 ( 1 ): 74 - 82 .

CUI C , DONG X C , HU C , et al . The impact modeling and analysis of time synchronization error on moving target indication for GEO spaceborne-airborne bistatic SAR system [J ] . Journal of Signal Processing , 2022 , 38 ( 1 ): 74 - 82 . (in Chinese)

张博丰 , 李雯雯 , 刘霖 . 星机双基SAR波束空间同步误差及性能分析 [J ] . 电子设计工程 , 2024 , 32 ( 15 ): 50 - 55, 60 .

ZHANG B F , LI W W , LIU L . Beam space synchronization error and performance analysis of spaceborne-airborne bistatic SAR [J ] . Electronic Design Engineering , 2024 , 32 ( 15 ): 50 - 55, 60 . (in Chinese)

MATAR J , RODRIGUEZ-CASSOLA M , KRIEGER G , et al . MEO SAR: System concepts and analysis [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2020 , 58 ( 2 ): 1313 - 1324 .

HUANG L J , QIU X L , HU D H , et al . Medium-earth-orbit SAR focusing using range Doppler algorithm with integrated two-step azimuth perturbation [J ] . IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters , 2015 , 12 ( 3 ): 626 - 630 .

张永胜 , 于春锐 , 计一飞 , 等 . 一种基于频域解模糊的星载P波段全极化SAR法拉第旋转效应校正方法 [J ] . 电子学报 , 2023 , 51 ( 3 ): 585 - 592 .

ZHANG Y S , YU C R , JI Y F , et al . A correction method of the faraday rotation effect based on the frequency-domain ambiguity-resolving in spaceborne P-band full-polarimetric SAR [J ] . Acta Electronica Sinica , 2023 , 51 ( 3 ): 585 - 592 . (in Chinese)

MATAR J , RODRIGUEZ-CASSOLA M , KRIEGER G , et al . On the equivalence of LEO-SAR constellations and complex high-orbit SAR systems for the monitoring of large-scale processes [J ] . IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters , 2024 , 21 : 8500205 .

ZHANG Y , REN H , LU Z , et al . Focusing of highly squinted bistatic SAR with MEO transmitter and high maneuvering platform receiver in curved trajectory [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2024 , 62 : 5227522 .

REN H , LU Z , LI G P , et al . A high-resolution spotlight imaging algorithm via modified second-order space-variant wavefront curvature correction for MEO/HM-BiSAR [J ] . Remote Sensing , 2024 , 16 ( 24 ): 4768 .

XIE H T , YI S L , HE J F , et al . Low-frequency ultrawideband synthetic aperture radar foliage-concealed target change detection strategy based on image stacks [J ] . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 2024 , 17 : 19817 - 19830 .

XIE H T , ZHANG Y J , HE J F , et al . Foliage-concealed target change detection scheme based on convolutional neural network in low-frequency ultrawideband SAR images [J ] . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 2024 , 17 : 19302 - 19316 .

XIE H T , HE J F , LU Z , et al . Two-level feature-fusion ship recognition strategy combining HOG features with dual-polarized data in SAR images [J ] . Remote Sensing , 2023 , 15 ( 18 ): 4393 .

ZHAO B , BAI X R , ZHOU F , et al . Analysis of the azimuth resolution of bistatic SAR [C ] // 2013 International Conference on Radar . Piscataway : IEEE , 2013 : 407 - 411 .

LIANG Y J , LIANG Y , ZHAO Y Y , et al . An extended time scaling algorithm based on the spatial inverse mapping for bistatic SAR imaging with complex trajectory [J ] . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 2024 , 17 : 7216 - 7232 .

ZHANG J J , JIN Z F , SONG Y F , et al . Backprojection operator-based one-stationary bistatic SAR sparse imaging [J ] . IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters , 2024 , 21 : 4012405 .

丁金闪 , Loffeld Otmar , Nies Holger , 等 . 异构平台双基SAR成像的RD算法 [J ] . 电子学报 , 2009 , 37 ( 6 ): 1170 - 1174 .

DING J S , LOFFELD O , NIES H , et al . Focusing bistatic SAR data from heterogeneous platforms using the range Doppler algorithm [J ] . Acta Electronica Sinica , 2009 , 37 ( 6 ): 1170 - 1174 . (in Chinese)

WANG R , LOFFELD O , NEO Y L , et al . Extending Loffeld’s bistatic formula for the general bistatic SAR configuration [J ] . IET Radar , Sonar & Navigation, 2010 , 4 ( 1 ): 74 - 84 .

LI M H , TAN G W . 2-D frequency domain imaging of bistatic SAR based on Legendre polynomial expansion [C ] // 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Communication Technology . Piscataway : IEEE , 2019 : 1653 - 1658 .

XIONG T , LI Y C , LI Q , et al . Using an equivalence-based approach to derive 2-D spectrum of BiSAR data and implementation into an RDA processor [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2021 , 59 ( 6 ): 4765 - 4774 .

杨悦 , 张晓玲 , 师君 . 基于非等间隔校正的SIFFT星机联合SAR成像算法 [J ] . 电子学报 , 2010 , 38 ( 12 ): 2791 - 2796 .

YANG Y , ZHANG X L , SHI J . An imaging algorithm for spaceborne-airborne hybrid bistatic SAR based on nonuniformly-spaced correction of SIFFT [J ] . Acta Electronica Sinica , 2010 , 38 ( 12 ): 2791 - 2796 . (in Chinese)

ZHANG S Y , LIU F F , WANG Z Z , et al . A LEO spaceborne-airborne bistatic SAR imaging experiment [C ] // 2022 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing . Piscataway : IEEE , 2022 : 1 - 5 .

DING J B , LI Y C , LI M , et al . Focusing high maneuvering bistatic forward-looking SAR with stationary transmitter using extended keystone transform and modified frequency nonlinear chirp scaling [J ] . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 2022 , 15 : 2476 - 2492 .

SONG X , LI Y C , ZHANG T H , et al . Focusing high-maneuverability bistatic forward-looking SAR using extended azimuth nonlinear chirp scaling algorithm [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2022 , 60 : 5240814 .

ZHONG H , ZHAO R H , SONG H N , et al . An improved imaging algorithm for high-resolution and highly squinted one-stationary bistatic SAR using extended nonlinear chirp scaling based on equi-sum of bistatic ranges [J ] . IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters , 2021 , 18 ( 7 ): 1244 - 1248 .

SUN Z C , WU J J , PEI J F , et al . Inclined geosynchronous spaceborne-airborne bistatic SAR: Performance analysis and mission design [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2016 , 54 ( 1 ): 343 - 357 .

SUN Z C , CHEN T F , SUN H R , et al . A novel frequency-domain focusing method for geosynchronous low-earth-orbit bistatic SAR in sliding-spotlight mode [J ] . Remote Sensing , 2022 , 14 ( 13 ): 3178 .

ZHANG S X , GAO Y X , XING M D , et al . Ground moving target indication for the geosynchronous-low earth orbit bistatic multichannel SAR system [J ] . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 2021 , 14 : 5072 - 5090 .

ZHANG Y , XIONG W , DONG X C , et al . A novel azimuth spectrum reconstruction and imaging method for moving targets in geosynchronous spaceborne-airborne bistatic multichannel SAR [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2020 , 58 ( 8 ): 5976 - 5991 .

SUN Z C , WU J J , LI Z Y , et al . Geosynchronous spaceborne-airborne bistatic SAR data focusing using a novel range model based on one-stationary equivalence [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2021 , 59 ( 2 ): 1214 - 1230 .

AN H Y , WU J J , TEH K C , et al . Nonambiguous image formation for low-earth-orbit SAR with geosynchronous illumination based on multireceiving and CAMP [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2021 , 59 ( 1 ): 348 - 362 .

TANG W R , HUANG B , ZHANG S S , et al . Focusing of spaceborne SAR data using the improved nonlinear chirp scaling algorithm [C ] // IGARSS 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium . Piscataway : IEEE , 2020 : 6555 - 6558 .

WU Y F , HUANG L J , ZHANG B C , et al . A two-step nonstop-and-go phase compensation method for spaceborne SAR with high-resolution high-squint-angle and wide-swath [J ] . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 2024 , 17 : 865 - 879 .

BAI X R , ZHOU F , WANG Q , et al . Sparse subband imaging of space targets in high-speed motion [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2013 , 51 ( 7 ): 4144 - 4154 .

ZHOU F , HU X X , JIAO Z K , et al . Frequency-domain imaging algorithm for SA-BiSAR based on azimuth dealiasing [J ] . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing , 2024 , 17 : 4819 - 4828 .

ZHANG Q H , WU J J , SONG Y , et al . Bistatic-range-Doppler-aperture wavenumber algorithm for forward-looking spotlight SAR with stationary transmitter and maneuvering receiver [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2021 , 59 ( 3 ): 2080 - 2094 .

武俊杰 , 孙稚超 , 杨建宇 , 等 . 基于GF-3照射的星机双基SAR成像及试验验证 [J ] . 雷达科学与技术 , 2021 , 19 ( 3 ): 241 - 247 .

WU J J , SUN Z C , YANG J Y , et al . Spaceborne-airborne bistatic SAR using GF-3 illumination: Technology and experiment [J ] . Radar Science and Technology , 2021 , 19 ( 3 ): 241 - 247 . (in Chinese)

GOLDSTEIN R , ROSEN P , and WERNER C . ERS-1bistatic radar images [C ] // International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) . Pasadena : NASA , 1994 : 1 - 7 .

WALTERSCHEID I , ESPETER T , BRENNER A R , et al . Bistatic SAR experiments with PAMIR and TerraSAR-X: Setup, processing, and image results [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2010 , 48 ( 8 ): 3268 - 3279 .

李梦慧 , 谭鸽伟 , 杨晶晶 , 等 . 基于运动补偿和正交解耦合的双基SAR成像算法 [J ] . 信号处理 , 2021 , 37 ( 1 ): 75 - 85 .

LI M H , TAN G W , YANG J J , et al . An imaging algorithm for bistatic SAR based on the motion compensation and orthogonal decoupling [J ] . Journal of Signal Processing , 2021 , 37 ( 1 ): 75 - 85 . (in Chinese)

CHEN X X , SUN G C , XING M D , et al . Ground Cartesian back-projection algorithm for high squint diving TOPS SAR imaging [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2021 , 59 ( 7 ): 5812 - 5827 .

HU X , XIE H T , ZHANG L , et al . Fast factorized backprojection algorithm in orthogonal elliptical coordinate system for ocean scenes imaging using geosynchronous spaceborne-airborne VHF UWB bistatic SAR [J ] . Remote Sensing , 2023 , 15 ( 8 ): 2215 .

QIAN G Z , WANG Y . Monostatic-equivalent algorithm via Taylor expansion for BiSAR ship target imaging [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 2023 , 61 : 5200919 .

王成浩 , 廖桂生 , 许京伟 . FDA-SAR高分辨宽测绘带成像距离解模糊方法 [J ] . 电子学报 , 2017 , 45 ( 9 ): 2085 - 2091 .

WANG C H , LIAO G S , XU J W . Range ambiguity resolving method for high-resolution and wide-swath imaging with FDA-SAR [J ] . Acta Electronica Sinica , 2017 , 45 ( 9 ): 2085 - 2091 . (in Chinese)

浏览量

下载量

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

提交

工具集

关联资源

基于斜飞模式的双基地SAR成像算法

随机运动误差对双基地SAR的分辨率影响