零折射率人工电磁媒质理论及其应用

闫雯荻; 李越

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20250732

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零折射率人工电磁媒质理论及其应用

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- 零折射率人工电磁媒质理论及其应用
- Near-Zero-Index Metamaterials and Applications
- 电子学报 2025年53卷第11期页码：4157-4170
- 作者机构：
  
  1.清华大学电子工程系，北京 100084
  2.北京信息科学与技术国家研究中心，北京 100084
  3.清华大学天基网络与通信全国重点实验室，北京 100084
- 作者简介：
  
  [ "闫雯荻男，1999年7月出生于内蒙古自治区赤峰市.现为清华大学电子工程系博士研究生.主要研究方向为电磁场与微波技术. E-mail: ywd21@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn" ]
  [ "李越男，1984年7月出生于辽宁省沈阳市.现为清华大学电子工程系副教授、清华大学无穷书院副院长.主要研究方向为超材料、等离激元、电磁理论、纳米电路、移动终端天线、MIMO与分集天线、毫米波天线与阵列等.中国电子学会会员编号：E190014891S.E-mail: lyee@tsinghua.edu.cn" ]
- 基金信息：
  
  国家自然科学基金(U22B2016);国家重点研发计划(2021YFA0716601)
- DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250732
  中图分类号： TN015;O441
- 收稿：2025-08-21，
  
  录用：2025-11-22，
  
  纸质出版：2025-11-25
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
闫雯荻, 李越. 零折射率人工电磁媒质理论及其应用[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(11): 4157-4170.

YAN Wen-di, LI Yue. Near-Zero-Index Metamaterials and Applications[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(11): 4157-4170.
闫雯荻, 李越. 零折射率人工电磁媒质理论及其应用[J]. 电子学报, 2025, 53(11): 4157-4170. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250732

YAN Wen-di, LI Yue. Near-Zero-Index Metamaterials and Applications[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2025, 53(11): 4157-4170. DOI：10.12263/DZXB.20250732

摘要

零折射率（Near-Zero-Index，NZI）媒质因其在电磁波调控中展现出的独特物理特性，近年来成为人工电磁媒质研究的重要方向.与传统材料不同，NZI 媒质能够在介电常数或磁导率趋近于零的条件下表现出波长无限拉伸、相速度趋于无穷、传播相位不变等特征，进而呈现“时域振荡、空域静止”的时空解耦特性.这些特性为突破常规器件在尺寸、带宽和形状受限等方面的瓶颈提供了新的物理途径.本文系统回顾了NZI媒质的物理基础、实现机制及典型人工结构形式.首先从物理机理出发，介绍其波长拉伸、超耦合效应与理想能流特征；随后综述了NZI媒质的实现方式，并进一步介绍了近年来发展迅速的“光学掺杂”理论，即通过在NZI媒质中引入异质掺杂体实现等效磁导率的精细调控，从而在亚波长尺度上构建 NZI 人工电磁媒质.该方法具有参数可调、几何无关和易集成等优势，已成为NZI媒质工程化的重要手段.在应用方面，本文从吸收、传输与辐射三个角度总结了NZI人工电磁媒质的典型功能与性能优势；在吸收方面，利用 NZI 媒质中的场增强效应、阻抗匹配机制及完美相干吸收，可实现超高灵敏度传感、高效热辐射调控、超薄吸收表面等；在传输方面，利用NZI媒质的超耦合效应、阻抗调控能力与色散工程，可实现任意形状的无反射能量传输、高效率可弯曲互连、多端口功率分配以及多通道频分复用等功能器件；在辐射方面，利用NZI媒质的几何无关性与零相移特性，可实现波前整形、定向辐射与方向图可重构等功能，构建形状无关、高集成度的可调控天线器件.目前，NZI人工电磁媒质仍面临带宽受限、损耗较大与工艺兼容性差等关键挑战.未来发展方向包括：发展宽带低损耗材料体系，实现结构与模式的协同优化；推动力学、热学、量子等多物理场交叉融合，实现与芯片及光学深度集成等.

Abstract

Near-zero-index (NZI) media have emerged as a significant research direction in artificial electromagnetic (EM) media in recent years due to their unique physical properties in EM wave manipulation. Unlike traditional materials

NZI media can exhibit features such as infinitely stretched wavelength

infinite phase velocity

and unchanged propagation phase under conditions where the permittivity or permeability approaches zero. This leads to a spatiotemporal decoupling characteristic described as “temporal oscillation

spatial stillness”. These properties provide new physical pathways to overcome the bottlenecks of conventional devices in terms of size

bandwidth

and shape constraints.This article systematically reviews the physical fundamentals

implementation mechanisms

and typical NZI metamaterials. Starting from the physical mechanisms

this article introduces their wavelength stretching

supercoupling effects

and ideal power flow characteristics. Subsequently

the implementation methods of NZI media are summarized

and the rapidly developing theory of “photonic doping” is further introduced. This theory involves introducing heterogeneous doping elements into NZI media to achieve fine-tuning of the effective permeability

thereby constructing NZI metamaterials at subwavelength scales. This method offers advantages such as tunable parameters

geometry independence

and ease of integration

making it an important engineering approach for NZI media.In terms of applications

this article summarizes the typical functions and performance advantages of NZI metamaterials from three perspectives: absorption

transmission

and radiation. In absorption

leveraging the field enhancement effects

impedance matching mechanisms

and perfect coherent absorption in NZI media enables ultra-high sensitivity sensing

efficient thermal radiation control

and ultra-thin absorbing surfaces. In transmission

utilizing the supercoupling effects

impedance control capabilities

and dispersion engineering of NZI media enables functional devices such as reflectionless energy transmission of arbitrary shapes

high-efficiency bendable interconnects

multiport power distribution

and multichannel frequency division multiplexing. In radiation

exploiting the geometry independence and zero-phase-shift characteristics of NZI media enables wavefront shaping

directional radiation

and reconfigurable radiation patterns

facilitating the construction of shape-independent

highly integrated tunable antenna devices.Currently

NZI metamaterials still face critical challenges such as limited bandwidth

significant losses

and poor process compatibility. Future development directions include: developing broadband

low-loss material systems to achieve synergistic optimization of structures and modes; promoting interdisciplinary integration across mechanical

thermal

quantum

and other physical fields; and realizing deep integration with chip and optical platforms.

关键词

Keywords

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