一种可隐藏敏感文档和发送者身份的区块链隐蔽通信模型

doi:10.12263/DZXB.20211021

电子学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (4): 1002-1013.DOI: 10.12263/DZXB.20211021

一种可隐藏敏感文档和发送者身份的区块链隐蔽通信模型

佘维¹^,²^,³, 霍丽娟¹^,², 刘炜¹^,²^,³, 张志鸿²^,⁴, 宋轩¹^,², 田钊¹^,²()

^1.郑州大学网络空间安全学院，河南郑州 450000
^2.郑州市区块链与数据智能重点实验室，河南郑州 450000
^3.河南省互联网医疗卫生服务协同创新中心，河南郑州 450000
^4.郑州大学信息工程学院，河南郑州 450000

收稿日期:2021-08-01 修回日期:2022-03-13 出版日期:2022-04-25 发布日期:2022-04-25
通讯作者: 田钊
作者简介:佘维男，1977年12月生，湖南常德人.博士，教授，博士生导师，CCF会员.主要研究方向为区块链技术、信息安全和可信分布式系统.E-mail: wshe@zzu.edu.cn
霍丽娟女，1997年6月生，河南开封人.硕士研究生，CCF会员.主要研究方向为区块链技术和网络空间安全.E-mail: lijuan.huo.zzu@outlook.com
田钊（通讯作者）男，1985年9月生，河南荥阳人.博士，讲师.主要研究方向为区块链技术.E-mail: tianzhao@zzu. edu. cn
基金资助:
河南省高校科技创新人才支持计划(21HASTIT031);河南省重大公益专项(201300210300);河南省重点研发与推广专项(212102310039);郑州大学教育教学改革研究与实践项目(2021ZZUJGLX168)

A Blockchain-Based Covert Communication Model for Hiding Sensitive Documents And Sender Identity

SHE Wei¹^,²^,³, HUO Li-juan¹^,², LIU Wei¹^,²^,³, ZHANG Zhi-hong²^,⁴, SONG Xuan¹^,², TIAN Zhao¹^,²()

^1.School of Cyber Science and Engineering，Zhengzhou University，Zhengzhou，Henan 450000 China
^2.Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Intelligence，Zhengzhou，Henan 450000 China
^3.Henan Collaborative Innovation Center for Internet Medical and Health Services，Zhengzhou University，Zhengzhou，Henan 450000，China
^4.School of Information Engineering，Zhengzhou University，Zhengzhou Henan 450000 China

Received:2021-08-01 Revised:2022-03-13 Online:2022-04-25 Published:2022-04-25
Contact: TIAN Zhao

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前，区块链隐蔽通信的研究主要是通过发起多笔交易来传输一条短消息，这一方式不仅不适用于敏感数据量大的情况，还可能存在有些交易没有被打包而造成秘密信息的丢失，而且传输过程没有隐藏发送方身份.部分区块链隐蔽通信的研究中使用的图像隐写术虽然具有嵌入率高这一优点，但是越来越难以抵御基于统计特征的检测分析.针对以上问题，本文提出一种可隐藏敏感文档和发送者身份的区块链隐蔽通信模型.首先发送方使用密文策略的属性基加密（Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption，CP-ABE）对敏感文档进行加密，得到加密文档后将其上传至星际文件系统（Inter Planetary File System，IPFS）；然后发送方利用基于生成式对抗网络（Generative Adversarial Networks，GAN）的图像隐写术将加密文档的哈希值嵌入载体图像中，得到载密图像后将其上传至IPFS；接着发送方创建一笔含有载密图像的哈希值的交易，交易经环签名之后广播到区块链网络中进行验证打包上链；之后，接收方从交易中读取载密图像的哈希值并通过上述步骤的逆过程得到加密文档；最后接收方根据CP-ABE设置的访问控制策略解密加密文档得到敏感文档.实验结果表明，该模型在传输秘密信息量上从KB提升至MB，而且具有较高的隐蔽性和安全性.

关键词: 区块链, 隐蔽通信, 基于生成式对抗网络的图像隐写术, 环签名, 密文策略的属性基加密, 星际文件系统

Abstract:

At present, the research of blockchain covert communication mainly transmits a short message by initiating multiple transactions. This method is not suitable for situations where there is a large amount of sensitive data. And there may be some transactions that are not packaged, resulting in loss of secret information. Meanwhile, the sender's identity is not hidden during the transmission. Although the traditional image steganography used in some research has the advantage of high embedding rate, it is increasingly difficult to resist detection and analysis based on statistical features. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a blockchain-based covert communication model for hiding sensitive documents and sender identity. First, the sender encrypts a sensitive document using cipertext-policy attribute-based encryption(CP-ABE), and then uploads the encrypted document to inter planetary file system(IPFS). Next, the sender embeds the hash value of the encrypted document into a cover-image employing the image steganography based on generative adversarial networks(GAN), and then uploads the stego-image to IPFS. After that, the sender creates a transaction containing the hash value of the stego-image and signs it using the ring signature, and then broadcasts the transaction to the blockchain network for verification and package into a block. Then the receiver reads the hash value of the stego-image from the transaction and obtains the encrypted document through the inverse process of the above steps. Finally, the receiver decrypts the encrypted document and obtains the sensitive document according to the access control policy set by CP-ABE. The experimental results show that the model can greatly improve the capacity of secret information from KB to MB during the transmission, and has high concealment and security.

Key words: blockchain, cover communication, image steganography based on generative adversarial networks(GAN), ring signature, cipertext-policy attribute-based encryption(CP-ABE), inter planetary file system(IPFS)

中图分类号:

TP309.2

佘维, 霍丽娟, 刘炜, 张志鸿, 宋轩, 田钊. 一种可隐藏敏感文档和发送者身份的区块链隐蔽通信模型[J]. 电子学报, 2022, 50(4): 1002-1013.

SHE Wei, HUO Li-juan, LIU Wei, ZHANG Zhi-hong, SONG Xuan, TIAN Zhao. A Blockchain-Based Covert Communication Model for Hiding Sensitive Documents And Sender Identity[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2022, 50(4): 1002-1013.

图/表 16

图1 区块链隐蔽通信模型

图2 基于GAN的图像隐写术

图 3 H-SD&SI的框架

图4 嵌入过程

图5 传输过程

图6 提取过程

表 1 20 个账户的公钥和地址

账户	公钥	地址
1	0x07097c450f8ba66fc64436ddc351c696984dc3f80b5e1d4dc567f0a507ef0b3d93d27a94dd4fc5dfb 7750b22b6df726eb2f7dba4cc5c693888be6db5d8dd8adb	0xf1420e5F0D8097216615499 Fba9BF14F6DB67EA3
2	0x8f7dbda544f48be15695c2fba6ef30f5d6e784199a1a08d1ccdc7bf443d51f77da6974398a6499320d 49f26295edfd3a7d2c22e6c5717b49b9b6ce73e4e861f2	0x91CB0D322ba3817CAE7b00 f42C004f9C1aFd8bCc
3	0xe23634b6e68b4ad43d8e4c182e68d2092f7225ac6055ec3f0fd5a12f9a9cbe6d1020a95e9640029f6 abaf99ff6866b4993f0ce8d3a843d8917ec5dcc734008a6	0xf141187db2EA48d41f222e0 D4db3A5bdF567bDb6
4	0x4910ad8dcaeed26969ae6283f5b5fe556430c072a2ae172ad1fc5487d891258110a3825073bc28cd18 bb9dd053ff9b34e2e9424179c80e4c1afbb764da10d4be	0xd83932f50C554110D4834f 7722625961C752eF4D
5	0x7df08607d62077060779d20acd4ffe4ddc421e85130e97ea6a19dd25a50be7f29e03086db4669a77d 247d22983f105b249e446f2723b45216d9bfde65c15d76	0x2dCA0eD57426f36B7251f 000Bc6D92D3aA0C3BDd
…	…	…
20	0x0cd5175e55a43ca0b8166dafd1e63facfec46943020c4c059a7ad7897f506667c8a879857b15428a9e 9444132c2491aa2b89f24ea10ccb70c76ef761d413718c	0xE925E104fCAe2218fb659 A5B97314a1bD2986509

表2 100个大小不同的敏感文档

敏感文档	大小	加密文档	加密文档的哈希值
secret1.pdf	2.03MB	secret1.pdf.cpabe	QmQpvkABZ6hDg5UxcWKNUqS9Nwjoc9YYztLpb62wcsboWY
secret2.pdf	1.14MB	secret2.pdf.cpabe	QmaehxqkiH7Ez2nuXVH8JKqZUCVNsdC4LVmTk3B2GUBqaZ
secret3.pdf	1.68MB	secret3.pdf.cpabe	QmdVy6SBejwp57uiBbrSnbvDapQFsxSqjuUWn3ZYjrRTyU
…	…	…	…
Secret100.pdf	2.06MB	secret100.pdf.cpabe	QmRpXkRacz3NfdwsoWAeDyyLGBQspNHqpsoknGVY4HN2vF

表3 用户属性及属性值的定义

属性	属性值
用户ID	User1,User2,…
账户地址ID	Address1,Address2,…
IPFS集群ID	IPFS1,IPFS2,…

图7 访问控制策略

表4 相关的符号及其内容

符号	内容
$H 1$	QmQpvkABZ6hDg5UxcWKNUqS9Nwjoc9YYztLpb62wcsboWY
$B S$	01010001011011010101000101110000011101100110101101000001010000100101101000110110011010000100010001100111001101010101010101111000011000110101011101001011010011100101010101110001010100110011100101001110011101110110101001101111011000110011100101011001010110010111101001110100010011000111000001100010001101100011001001110111011000110111001101100010011011110101011101011001
$d$	/n#
$B S d$	001011110110111000100011
$H 21$	QmVUPp1SWGA9nsBwvjdrb6oFNyhe28huhpw4W4B9CHUAJQ
$H 22$	QmX8oKoh78C4Y1GrVFqdG6hqkrzQkWZtF1hSNdvMaL8gHD

表4 相关的符号及其内容

符号	内容
$H 1$	QmQpvkABZ6hDg5UxcWKNUqS9Nwjoc9YYztLpb62wcsboWY
$B S$	01010001011011010101000101110000011101100110101101000001010000100101101000110110011010000100010001100111001101010101010101111000011000110101011101001011010011100101010101110001010100110011100101001110011101110110101001101111011000110011100101011001010110010111101001110100010011000111000001100010001101100011001001110111011000110111001101100010011011110101011101011001
$d$	/n#
$B S d$	001011110110111000100011
$H 21$	QmVUPp1SWGA9nsBwvjdrb6oFNyhe28huhpw4W4B9CHUAJQ
$H 22$	QmX8oKoh78C4Y1GrVFqdG6hqkrzQkWZtF1hSNdvMaL8gHD

图8 嵌入前后对比

表5 传输秘密信息量对比

方法	容量
文献[6]	bit
文献[7]	KB
文献[8]	bit
文献[9]	bit
本文	MB

图9 均方误差的对比

图10 峰值信噪比的对比

图11 结构相似性的对比

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一种可隐藏敏感文档和发送者身份的区块链隐蔽通信模型

A Blockchain-Based Covert Communication Model for Hiding Sensitive Documents And Sender Identity

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